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Physical Assesment 2023 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A
  1. Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
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2
Q

What is the CNS comprised of?

A
  1. The brain and spinal cord
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3
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system comprised of?

A
  1. Spinal nerves exiting the spinal cord
  2. Peripheral nerves
  3. Muscles
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4
Q

What are nerve cells called?

A

Neurons

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5
Q

What connects neurons together?

A

Axons

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6
Q

What do axons do?

A

They conduct impulses from one neuron to another

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7
Q

What is the largest part of the brain called?

A

Cerebrum

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8
Q

How is the cerebrum divided into?

A

Two halves called cerebral hemispheres

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9
Q

What are the cerebral hemispheres divided into?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Occipital lobes
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10
Q

What type of tissue can brain tissue be?

A
  1. White
  2. Gray
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11
Q

What does Gray matter consist of?

A
  1. Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies
    *forms the cerebral cortex
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12
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A
  1. Neuronal axons that are coated with myelin
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13
Q

What creates the white color of white matter?

A

The myelin sheathes creates the white color
*which allows nerve impulses to travel more rapidly

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14
Q

What are basal ganglia and where are they located?

A

What are they?: they are additional clusters of gray matter that are deep in the brain; they affect movement
Located: deep in the brain

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15
Q

What is the inferior surface of the frontal lobe called?

A

Diencephalon

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16
Q

What does the diencephalon include?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
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17
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Processes sensory impulses and relays them to the cerebral cortex

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18
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A
  1. Maintains homeostasis and regulates temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure
  2. Affects endocrine system and governs emotional behaviors
    *anger
    *sexual drive
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19
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A
  1. A white matter structure
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20
Q

What does the internal capsule contain?

A
  1. The corticospinal tract
    *The internal capsule has myelinated fibers converge from the cerebral cortex and descend into the brain stem
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21
Q

What does the brain stem connect?

A
  1. The upper part of the brain with the spinal cord
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22
Q

What are the sections of the brain stem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
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23
Q

What does consciousness rely on?

A

All of these structures must be intact
1. Cerebral hemispheres
2. Diencephalon
3. Upper brain stem
4. Reticular activating (Arousal) system

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24
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A
  1. Coordinated movement
  2. Helps the body be upright in space
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25
Q

What connects directly to the spinal cord?

A

The brain stem

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26
Q

Does the spinal cord have gray and white matter?

A

Yes

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27
Q

What is the spinal cord encased within?

A

Vertebral column
*Ends at L1, L2

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28
Q

Where do motor signal exit the spinal cord?

A

Through anterior nerve roots

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29
Q

Where do sensory signals exit the spinal cord from?

A

Posterior nerve roots

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30
Q

What do the posterior and anterior roots combine to?

A

Spinal nerves (which form the peripheral nerves)

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31
Q

What are the segments of the spinal cord?

A

C1 to C8
T1 to T12
L1-L5
S1 to S5

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32
Q

Where is the spinal cord the thickest?

A

The cervical segment

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33
Q

Where should lumbar punctures be performed at?

A

L3 to L4 OR
L4 to L5

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34
Q

What does the PNS include?

A
  1. Cranial nerves
  2. Peripheral nerves
    *Go to the heart
    *visceral organs
    *skin
    *limbs
35
Q

What are the division of the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic nervous system (SNS)
  2. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
36
Q

What does the somatic nervous system regulate?

A
  1. Muscle movement
  2. Response to sensations of touch and pain
37
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A
  1. Digestions
  2. Maintenance of blood pressure
38
Q

What are the division of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system
  2. Parasympathetic nervous system
39
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A
  1. Mobilizes organs and their functions during times of stress and arousal
    *Fight or flight
40
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A
  1. Conserves energy and resources during times of rest and relaxation
    *Rest and digest
41
Q

What are sensory nerves?

A

Afferent (going towards the CNS)

42
Q

what are motor nerves?

A

Efferent (Going away the CNS)

43
Q

What is the primary motor system that controls voluntary movement called?

A

Corticospinal or pyramid system

44
Q

What does the Corticospinal/pyramidal system consist of ?

A
  1. Upper motor neurons
  2. Lower motor neurons
45
Q

Where do the cell bodies of the upper motor neuron lie?

A

The lie in the motor strip of the cerebral cortex

46
Q

Where do the axons of the upper motor neurons go?

A
  1. They go to the lower motor neurons through a white matter bundle called corticospinal tract
    *the fibers then travel through the internal capsule
47
Q

After the fibers travel through the internal capsule where do they go?

A
  1. They go to the junction of the medulla and cervical spinal
    *Now the fibers will decussate (cross to the opposite side of the medulla)
48
Q

Since there was a crossing of the motor fibers at the junction, what side of the brain controls movement?

A
  1. The right side of the brain controls movement on the left side of the body
  2. The left side of the brain controls movement on the right side of the body
49
Q

Where do cell bodies of lower motor neurons stay?

A

In the anterior horns of the spinal cord

50
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract?

A
  1. Upper motor neuron axons that project to the lower motor neurons
51
Q

Where do axons from lower motor neurons transmit their impulses to?

A
  1. Cranial nerves
  2. Anterior roots of spinal cord and spinal nerves into peripheral nerves
52
Q

Where do the impulses (of the lower motor neurons) end?

A

At the neuromuscular junction
*will mediate a muscular contraction

53
Q

What can upper motor neuron or corticospinal tract damage lead to?

A
  1. Hypereflexia
  2. Increased muscle tone
54
Q

What can lower motor neuron damage lead to?

A
  1. Hyporeflexia
  2. Atrophy
  3. Fasciculations
55
Q

What does the corticospinal tract do?

A
  1. Mediate voluntary movement
  2. Integrate skilled, complicated, or delicate movements
    *by stimulating selected muscular actions and inhibiting others
56
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract synapse on?

A
  1. Lower motor neurons in the spinal cord
    *which directly mediate movement
57
Q

What can damage to the corticospinal tract system cause?

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Affected limb becomes weak or paralyzed
  3. The skilled, complicated, or delicate movements are performed poorly when compared with gross movements
58
Q

What dos the basal ganglia system do?

A
  1. Helps maintain normal muscle tone
  2. Control body movements
    *gross body movements like walking
59
Q

What can damage to the basal ganglia system cause?

A
  1. Rigidity
  2. Slowness of movement (bradykinesia)
  3. Involuntary movements
  4. Disturbances in posture and gait
60
Q

What does the cerebellar system do?

A
  1. Receives both sensory and motor input
  2. Coordinates motor activity
    *eye movements and speech
  3. Maintains equilibrium
  4. Helps to control posture
61
Q

What does damage to the cerebellar system do?

A
  1. Impair coordination (ataxia)
  2. Impair gait
  3. Impair equilibrium
  4. Decreased muscle tone
  5. Nystagmus and dysarthria may be present
62
Q

What are the upper motor neurons projections?

A
  1. Corticospinal tract
63
Q

What are the lower motor neurons projection?

A
  1. Cranial nerves
  2. Spinal nerve roots
    3.Peripheral nerves
64
Q

What are higher motor pathways dependent on?

A
  1. Intact lower motor neurons
65
Q

What happens when the upper motor neuron systems are damaged above their crossover in the medulla?

A
  1. Motor impairment develops on the opposite side
66
Q

What happens when upper motor neurons systems are damaged below the crossover?

A
  1. Motor impairment occurs on the same side
67
Q

What does disease of the basal ganglia system cause?

A
  1. No paralysis but can be disabling
68
Q

Does the basal ganglia and cerebellum directly control movements?

A
  1. No but they help modulate the effects of the corticospinal tract system
69
Q

How do sensory impulses travel?

A

By one of two pathways
1. Spinothalamic tract
2. Posterior columns

70
Q

What does the spinothalamic tract consist of?

A
  1. Smaller sensory neurons with unmyelinated axons
71
Q

What does the posterior columns consist of?

A

Larger neurons with heavily myelinated axons

72
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tract arises to?

A
  1. Free nerve endings in the skin
    *that will register pain, temperature, and crude touch
73
Q

What does the dorsal root ganglia transmit ?

A
  1. Vibration
  2. Proprioception
  3. Kinesthesia
  4. Pressure
  5. Fine touch (from skin and joint position)
    *From the posterior column system
74
Q

Where does the posterior column system (large fiber projections) travel up to?

A
  1. To the medulla on the same side of the body
  2. Axons projecting from the second-order neurons cross to the opposite side at the medullary level and continue to the thalamus
75
Q

At the thalamus level how is the quality of sensation perceived?

A
  1. Cold, pain, pleasant, unpleasant
  2. But not fine distinctions
76
Q

Why is a third group of sensory neurons needeD?

A

Bc now the third group will send impulses from the thalamus to the sensory cortex of the brain
*And stimuli is now localized and have fine distinctions

77
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A band of skin innervated by the sensory root of a single spinal nerve

78
Q

What would happen if there is a disease of the posterior column?

A
  1. There would be loss of position
  2. Vibration
  3. And a preservation of other sensations
79
Q

What would happen if there is a lesion of the sensory cortex?

A

Will impair finer discrimination; they will not be able to appreciate
1. Size
2. Shape
3. Or texture of an object by feeling it
*therefore they cannot identify it

80
Q

If a person has a sensor cortex lesion what can they sense?

A
  1. Pain
  2. Touch
  3. Position
81
Q

A lesion in the location of the () will result in contralateral sensory loss in the limbs and trunk on the same side as the motor deficits?

A

Cerebral cortex (where sensory information is)

82
Q

Where do fibers of the spinothalamic tract cross?

A
  1. They cross over to the opposite side of the spinal cord near the point of entry
83
Q

Where do fibers of the posterior column cross?

A
  1. They stay on the side side of the body until at the medulla

Physical Assesment 2023 (20 decks)

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