Anus, Rectum, And Prostate Flashcards
How long is the rectum?
12cm long
*anorectal junction
*rectal ampulla (stores feces)
*houston valves
How long is the anal canal?
2.5cm to 4cm long
*internal sphincter (cannot control)
*external sphincter (controls feces expulsion)
What are the columns of Morgagni? (Anal canal)
- Vertical folds in mucosa
What are Zona hemorrhodialis (anal canal)
Contains rectal venous plexus
*from anal valves to anus
Where does the gastrointestinal tract terminate?
- In a short segment, the anal canal
What holds the anal canal in a closed position
- The voluntary external anal sphincter
- The involuntary internal anal sphincter
Where does the angle of the anal canal lie?
- On a line roughly between the anus and umbilicus
What nerves supply the anal canal?
- Somatic sensory nerves
What is the anorectal junction (pectinate or dentate line)
The boundary between somatic and visceral nerve supplies
How large is a normal prostate and what are the components?
4 X 3 X 2
*median sulcus (feel the back side of the prostate through the front of the rectum)
*three lobes
*alveoli
Where does the prostate gland lie?
- Against the anterior rectal wall
*rounded, heart-shaped, and normally 2.5 cm long
What are the palpable lobes of the prostate gland?
- Lateral
- Median sulcus
When can infants and children control their external anal sphincter?
By 18 to 24 months
*bc the nervous system is still developing
*prostate is undeveloped until puberty
What can lead or be components of anal discomfort?
- Relation to position and defecation
- Straining at stool
- Blood and mucus
- Interference with ADLs and sleep
What does red blood and black blood mean in blood (where is the blood coming from)
Red
*lower (distal)
Black
*upper GI (stomach bleeds, stomach cancer)
What can an enlarged prostate do to urine output?
- Will clamp down on the urethra
- Have an un-steady stream
What is an episiotomy or fourth degree laceration?
- 4th degree
*vaginal tear to rectum - Episiotomy
*trying to prevent 4th laceration
*controlling the direction of the tear
*cutting the perineum
What is the leading cancer diagnosed in men in the US?
Prostate cancer
*3rd leading cause of death
What are the primary risk factors for prostate cancer?
- Age
- Ethnicity
- Family history
*maybe an association between dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer
What ages to screen for prostate cancer?
- 55 - 69
*discuss PSA screening
*dont screen 70 and above
Are prostate exams usually painful?
No
*if painful you’re doing it wrong or something is there like a mass
What are the different ways to position the patient for the prostate exam?
- May stand, leaning forward with upper body resting across the examining table and hips flexed
- Patient may lie on his left side with his buttocks close to the edge of the exam table
*flex the patients hips and knees especially top leg
What is occult blood
Blood present that you cant see
What is the difference between a fissure and fistula
- Fissure (crack)
- Fistula (hole)
*can be found with frequent UTIs
What walls of the rectum will you be able to feel
- Lateral and posterior
What does a normal prostate feel like
Rubbery and nontender
What is the treatment for a hemorrhoid
- Fiber
- Sits bath
- Scalpel make an X incision so the clot can drain
