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CVA > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (brain & spinal cord)
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (cranial & spinal nerves, and ganglia)
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2
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A
  1. integration and processing of info
  2. coordinate sensory input & motor output
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3
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A
  1. transmit sensory info to CNS (afferent)
  2. carry impulse to muscles glands (efferent)
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4
Q

Compare afferent & efferent

A

afferent = info received & sent to CNS (arrives at CNS)
efferent = CNS send interpretation of info to muscles/glands (exits CNS)

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5
Q

Describe the tree of the PNS

A
  1. Sensory (afferent division)
    a. somatic sensory
    b. visceral sensory
  2. Motor (efferent division)
    a. somatic motor
    b. automatic motor
    i. sympathetic
    ii. parasympathetic
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6
Q

Somatic sensory

A

sensory receptors in skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses (in sensory afferent division

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7
Q

Visceral sensory

A

sensory receptors in viscera (smooth/cardiac muscle & organs) (in sensory afferent)

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8
Q

Somatic Motor

A

“voluntary” nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle (motor efferent)

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9
Q

Automatic motor

A

“involuntary” nervous system: innervates cardiac & smooth muscle (motor efferent)

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10
Q

What are the two cell types within neural tissue?

A
  1. neurons
  2. neuroglia
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11
Q

Neurons

A

make up nerves - approximately 20 billion in human body - most cannot divide

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12
Q

Bundles of cell bodies & axons in CNS

A

bundle of cell bodies = nuclei
bundle of axons = tract

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13
Q

Bundles of cell bodies & axons in PNS

A

bundle of cell bodies = ganglion
bundle of axons = nerve

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14
Q

Neuroglia (5):

A
  • supportive framework for neuron
  • approx 100 billion glial cells
  • small and mitotically active
  • regulate extracellular environment
  • nervous system is 50:50 mixture of neurons & glial cells
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15
Q

What are the types of glial cells in the CNS (4)

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. microglia
  4. ependymal cells
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16
Q

What are the types of glial cells in PNS (2)

A
  1. satellite cells
  2. Schwann cells
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17
Q

Astrocytes (4) functions:

A

Largest, most abundant glial cells
1. regulate ion composition of ECF
2. help maintain blood-brain barrier
3. repair damaged neural tissue
4. structural framework for neurons

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18
Q

What cell junctions are in blood-brain barrier?

A

tight junctions

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes (4)

A
  • fewer processes than astrocytes
  • processes connect a few axons
  • wrap axons in sheath of myelin
  • CNS version of Schwann cells
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20
Q

What creates the white matter of the brain and how does this differ from brain gray matter?

A

The white matter of the brain is created by the myelin of oligodendrocytes and the grey matter lacks myelin

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21
Q

White vs gray matter

A

gray - somas & unmyelinated axons
white - myelinated axons

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22
Q

Microglia

A
  • smallest glial cell
  • remove waste & pathogens by phagocytosis
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23
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • line ventricles & central canal
  • monitor composition of CSF
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24
Q

Satellite cells

A
  1. surround cell bodies of ganglia
  2. regulate waste nutrient diffusion between ECF and cell bodies
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25
Q

2 Steps to formation of myelin sheath

A
  1. Schwann cells wrap around axon several times
  2. nucleus pushed to periphery
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26
Q

What part of the Schwann cell is the myelin sheath?

A

Schwann cell plasma membrane

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27
Q

Myelinated vs unmyelinated

A

myelinated - has multiple layers of Schwann cell membrane
unmyelinated - single layer of Schwann cell plasma membrane

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28
Q

What are the 2 functional classes of neurons?

A
  1. sensory neurons - afferent
  2. motor neurons - efferent
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29
Q

Functions of interneurons (3)

A
  1. perform intergration
  2. receive, process, and store information
  3. “decide” proper response to stimulus
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30
Q

Anatomical classes of neurons (4)

A
  1. anaxomic
  2. bipolar
  3. pseudounipolar/unipolar
  4. multipolar
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31
Q

Anaxomic (4)

A
  • lacking axons
  • cannot distinguish dendrites from axons
  • rare
  • found in retina
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32
Q

Bipolar (3)

A
  • two ends
  • 2 poles coming off soma
  • in retina
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33
Q

Pseudounipolar

A
  • cell body off to the side
  • one pole exits soma
  • dendrite straight to axon - don’t go through soma
  • in sensory neurons of PNS
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34
Q

Multipolar (3)

A
  • many poles from soma
  • most common neuron
  • found in motor and interneurons
35
Q

What type of innervation circuit?

A

diverging: single input - multiple outputs

36
Q

What type of innervation circuit?

A

converging: multiple inputs - single output

37
Q

What kind of cells allow convergence in the cerebellum?

A

Purkinje cells (highly branched dendrites, receive stimuli from 1000s of neurons)

38
Q

6 Regions of Human Brain:

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Medulla Oblongata
  4. Pons
  5. Mesencephalon (mid-brain)
  6. Diencephalon (pineal, thalamus)
39
Q

What is the outer gray matter in cerebrum?

A

telencephalon

40
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  1. frontal
  2. temporal
  3. occipital
  4. parietal
  5. insular
41
Q

Central sulcus function

A

separates frontal & parietal lobes

42
Q

Frontal lobe components (2)

A
  1. primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
  2. prefrontal cortex (frontal association area)
43
Q

Primary motor cortex - location & function (2)

A

aka (precentral gyrus) of frontal lobe
1. skeletal muscle control
2. directs somatic motor neurons (voluntary)

44
Q

Prefrontal cortex - location & function (4)

A

aka frontal association area of frontal lobe
- reasoning skills
- predicting future events & consequences
- temporal relationship between events
- motivation

45
Q

Parietal lobe

A

has post-central gyrus = primary somatosensory cortex

46
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex: location, function

A

post-central gyrus of parietal lobe
process sensation of touch, pain, taste, temperature

47
Q

Why is the touch on your arm different from your hand?

A

more convergence in arm - think of homunculus man (smaller area increase convergence and vice versa)

48
Q

What is the contralateral nature of motor & sensory cortices?

A

control right arm movement with left motor cortex and same for sensory - opposites

49
Q

What are the 3 association areas of the cortex and their functions:

A
  1. somatic sensory association area - interpret size, shape, and texture (feel keys in pocket)
  2. visual association area - visual interpretation
  3. auditory association area - sound interpretation
50
Q

Temporal lobe 4 special regions

A
  1. olfactory cortex
  2. auditory cortex
  3. hippocampus
  4. amygdala
51
Q

Hippocampus

A

short-and-long term memory formation (a nucleus deep in temporal lobe)

52
Q

Amygdala

A
  • processing of emotions
  • size correlates positively with aggression
53
Q

How does the amygdala differ in those with normal activity and those with PTSD?

A

normal: emotional learning & self-reflection
PTSD: “survival mode” - hypervigilant

54
Q

Occiptial lobe function

A
  1. visual cortex - stimuli arrive
  2. visual association arrive - visual interpretation
55
Q

Insular lobe

A

gustatory cortex (behind temporal & frontal lobe)

56
Q

How do we know the somatosensory regions?

A
  1. historically via epileptic surgery
  2. fMRI - O2-rich blood indicates brain activity - (Linus Pauling…. proposed DNA triple helix, discovered α-helix & β-pleated sheet, and difference in magnetic pull of O2 rich & O2 poor blood)
57
Q

Cerebellum Functions (3)

A
  1. balance
  2. coordination of body movements
  3. proprioception (awareness of body in space)
58
Q

Medulla Oblongata Functions (3)

A
  1. connects spinal cord to brain
  2. relay station for sensory and motor stimuli
  3. autonomic nervous system control centers (cardiovascular, vasomotor, respiratory)
59
Q

Cardiovascular control center functions (2)

A
  1. regulate heart rate
  2. regulate strength of contraction
    (found in medulla oblongata)
60
Q

Vasomotor control center function

A

distribution of blood flow (found in medulla oblongata)

61
Q

Respiratory control center

A

rhythmicity of breathing (found in medulla oblongata)

62
Q

Pons Functions

A
  1. sleep/wake cycles
  2. switch from inspiration to exhalation
63
Q

Mesencephalon structures

A

aka “Mid-brain”
1. corpora quadrigemina
2. cerebral aqueduct

64
Q

Superior colliculus functions

A

part of corpora quadrigemina
1. integrates visual information with other senses
2. visually track moving objects
3. initiate reflex to visual stimulus

65
Q

Inferior colliculus functions

A

part of corpora quadrigemina
1. relay auditory information to thalams
2. startle response to auditory stimuli

66
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct function

A

sends cerebral spinal fluid where it is needed

67
Q

Diencephalon structures

A
  1. pineal gland
  2. thalamus
  3. hypothalamus
68
Q

Pineal gland functions

A
  1. secretes melatonin
  2. controls sleep/wake cycle
  3. secretion varies by age (teen sleep cycle)
69
Q

Where is the pineal gland in lizards and what is its function?

A

It is on the top of their head - it is called pineal eye - light triggers afferent impulse to pineal gland

70
Q

Thalamus function

A

“switchboard” for sensory & motor information to and from cerebral cortex

71
Q

Hypothalamus function

A
  1. controls drive for thirst, hunger, and sex
  2. helps regulate blood pressure, body temperature, and heart rate
  3. endocrine gland - releases hormones
72
Q

Pituitary gland functions

A

major endocrine gland (growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin))

73
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers?

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
74
Q

Dura mater layers

A
  1. endosteal layer
  2. dural sinus
  3. meningeal layer
75
Q

Arachnoid mater parts

A
  1. arachnoid membrane
  2. subarachnoid space
  3. arachnoid trabeculae (support vasculature)
76
Q

Pia mater location

A

is bound to surface of brain by astrocytes

77
Q

Functions of Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A
  1. pad neural tissue from bone
  2. supports the brain
  3. removal of wastes by glymphatic system
78
Q

What area synthesizes CSF?

A

choroid plexus

79
Q

How is CSF made (4)?

A
  1. CSF constantly produced at each choroid plexus
  2. most CSF enters subarachnoid space at 4th ventricle
  3. flows through CNS
  4. enters superior sagital sinus via arachnoid granulations/villi
    - goes back into circulatory system and repeats
80
Q

How can we control when we pee?

A
  1. prefrontal cortex sends inhibitory signal
  2. inhibition overridden during SEVERE stress
81
Q

axosomatic synapse

A

synapses that are made onto the soma or cell body of a neuron

82
Q

axodendritic synapse

A

synapse that one neuron makes onto the dendrite of another neuron - most common (axon to dendrite)

83
Q

axoaxonic synapse

A

synapse from one axon to another

CVA (20 decks)

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