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Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

6 Functions of Skeletal System

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. lever for muscle action
  4. hematopoiesis
  5. fat storage
  6. mineral storage
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of bone development?

A
  1. intramembranous ossification
  2. endochondral ossification
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3
Q

5 Steps of Intramembranous Ossification:

A
  1. mesenchyme cells become osteoblasts
  2. produce uncalcified osteoid tissue (collagen & ground substance)
  3. ECM calcifies & forms trabeculae
  4. trabeculae form latticework (spongy bone)
  5. compact bone deposited on periphery
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4
Q

Intramembranous ossification definition:

A

bone from mesenchyme tissue - no cartilage framework forming (brain & patella)

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5
Q
A

Spongy bone (with red bone marrow)

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6
Q
A

epiphyseal line

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7
Q
A

proximal epiphysis

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8
Q
A

compact bone

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9
Q
A

medullary cavity (with yellow bone marrow)

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10
Q
A

endosteum

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11
Q
A

periosteum

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12
Q
A

articular cartilage

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13
Q
A

distal epiphysis

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14
Q
A

metaphysis

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15
Q
A

diaphysis

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16
Q
A

metaphysis

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17
Q

Endochondral ossification definition

A

bone from hyaline cartilage framework (long bones)

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18
Q

5 Steps of Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. form hyaline cartilage model
  2. osteoblast develop from perichondrium (osteoblasts from mesenchyme)
  3. osteoblasts form bone collar (in middle)
  4. primary ossification in diaphysis
  5. secondary ossification of epiphysis
  • primary and secondary center unite in an adult
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19
Q

5 Steps of Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. form hyaline cartilage model
  2. osteoblast develop from perichondrium (osteoblasts from mesenchyme)
  3. osteoblasts form bone collar (in middle)
  4. primary ossification in diaphysis
  5. secondary ossification of epiphysis
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20
Q

Are the epiphyseal plates still there in adulthood?

A
  • yes, remain until adulthood
  • primary & secondary centers unite in adult
  • bones lengthen at epiphyseal plates
  • plates ossify at adulthood
  • epiphyseal line remains
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21
Q

What are the 2 directions of bone growth?

A
  1. growth in length (interstitial growth)
  2. growth in width (appositional growth)
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22
Q

What are the layers of the epiphyseal plate?

A
  1. resting hyaline cartilage
  2. chondrocyte mitosis
  3. chondrocyte hypertrophy
  4. ossification at diaphysis

(add cartilage, add bone, etc. - like a stack of coins)

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23
Q

What direction does bone lengthen?

A

upward

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24
Q

Where does appositional growth occur?

A

under the periosteum

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25
Q

How does appositional growth occur?

A
  • add bone to periosteum side with osteoblasts and absorb bone on medullary cavity with osteoclasts
    1. bone deposited with osteoblasts (add outside)
    2. older bone reabsorbed by osteoclasts (take away inside)
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26
Q

How often is bone replaced?

A
  • spongy bone replaced 3-4 years
  • compact every 10 years
  • gradually not all at once
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27
Q

What cells do replacement and remodeling of bone?

A

osteoclasts break down old bone and osteoblasts add new bone

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28
Q

What are Branchial Arches?

A

pharangyeal gill slits are surrounding by branchial arches - precursor of the jaw is the first branchial arch

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29
Q

Do lampreys have a jaw?

A

No - use a rasping movement

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30
Q

What is the branchial arch modification of condricthes (sharks)?

A
  1. first arch - jaw (upper jaw:palatoquadrate - lower jaw:mandible/Meckel’s cartilage)
  2. second arch - hyomandible (what jaw swings on)
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31
Q

Actinopterygii (bony fish) branchial arch modification:

A
  1. upper - quadrate
    lower - madibular bone with articular
  2. hyoid - hyoidean gill ray
32
Q

Amphibians branchial arch modification:

A

upper- quadrate
lower- articular
hyoid- stapes

33
Q

Reptilia & Aves branchial arch modification:

A

upper- quadrate
lower - articular
hyoid - stapes

34
Q

Mammalia branchial arch modification:

A

upper - malleus (hammer)
lower - incus (anvil)
hyoid - stapes (stirrup)

35
Q

What parts do other branchial arches become in Mammalia?

A

hyoid & parts - thyroid cartilage - laryngeal cartilage

36
Q

Evolution of branchial arch parts:

A
  1. Meckel’s cartilage -> articular -> malleus
  2. Palatoquadrate -> quadrate -> incus
  3. Hyomandibula -> stapes -> stapes
37
Q

Reptiles vs. Mammals summary of branchial arch evolution:

A

Reptiles - many bones in jaws - 1 bone in ear (stapes)

Mammals - 1 bone in jaw - 3 bones in ear

38
Q

What kind of jaw joint did early mammals have?

A

diarthrognathus - 2 jaw joints

39
Q

What kind of jaw do juvenile opossums have?

A

opossums have a reptilian jaw - suckle with articular-quadrate articulation (but can’t hear) the dental-squamosal joint develops later

40
Q

Describe the action of shark jaws

A

weak bite for size - upper jaw in not articulated onto skull so it swings out
- suspended jaw not attached to skull
- torpedo shape has better hydrodynamics
- eat without rostrum bumping food away

41
Q

How can snakes eat such big prey?

A

snake skulls extremely kinetic - do not disarticulate jaw - double hinged each side of head moves independent of each other (move one side at a time like walking down prey)

42
Q

Do mammals or birds have a kinetic skull?

A

birds have a kinetic skull

43
Q

Kinetic skull defintion

A

able to have intracranial movements besides that at jaw (snakes, birds)

44
Q

What are advantages of an akinetic skull?

A
  1. strong skull
  2. efficient mastication (no jaw wobbling)
45
Q

What animals have a secondary palate?

A

alligators/cros & mammals

46
Q

What are the advantages of a secondary palate?

A
  1. babies able to breastfeed
  2. chew food & suffocate it underwater (eat and breath at same time)
47
Q

What does the primary palate do?

A

above nasal cavity & orbital cavity

48
Q

What does the secondary palate do?

A

separates food, swallowing, and chewing from breathing

49
Q

What are the driving factors of axial skeleton evolution?

A
  1. environment (aquatic/terrestrial)
  2. type of locomotion (bipedalism)
50
Q

Condricthes axial skeleton evolution:

A

notochord persists with vertebral body (centrum) into adulthood

51
Q

Actinopterygiians (bony fish) axial skeleton evolution:

A
  • extant primitive fish - notochord
  • other bony/derived fish - no notochord but have ossified vertebrae with prominent centrum
52
Q

Types of fish with notochord

53
Q

What do derived fish have that primitive fish do no?

A

ossified vertebrae with prominent centrum

54
Q

What is special about catfish vertebrae?

A

have barrel-shaped rings like a tree that can date the fish

55
Q

What does amphicoelus mean and what kind of animal has it?

A

fish - literally means 2 cavities - the disc doesn’t just sit in b/w vertebrae but slides into the vertebral foramen

56
Q

Status of pre/post-zygapophyses in fish?

A

Weak or absent - fish live in water and there is no need for extra support

57
Q

What are zygapophyses?

A

articulation points that hold axial skeleton together - keep in alignment

58
Q

Are amphibians amphicoelus?

A

No they are not they have solid bone with discs in between

59
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

the small core found with intervertebral discs where the notochord has left (no notochord in adult)

60
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do amphibians have?

A

one - the atlas

61
Q

What 3 groups of animals are classified in amniota?

A

reptiles, birds, mammals

62
Q

What are 3 key aspects of the reptile axial skeleton?

A
  1. 6+ cervical vertebra with small ribs
  2. stronger sacrum with 2 sacral vertebrae
  3. prominent thoracolumbar ribs
63
Q

2 functions of thoracolumbar ribs:

A

reptiles
1. support body wall
2. facilitate thoracic breathing

64
Q

What is the specialization in snake vertebra?

A
  1. prominent zygapophyses
  2. zygosphene (anterior) articulate with zygantrum (posterior)
  3. prevent vertebral torsion during locomotion
65
Q

4 modifications of birds axial skeleton:

A
  1. reduction & fusion of caudal vertebrae
  2. add a sternum keel (muscle attachment)
  3. add unicate process (reinforces one rib to another - keeps ribs in place during flight)
  4. form synsacrum (rigid structure lightweight yet strong)
66
Q

Identify green, orange, blue dots, and red region

A

Bird:
green - ilium
orange - ischium
blue - pubis
red - synsacrum

67
Q

Mammal regions from head to tail (5):

A

cervical -> thorax -> lumbar -> sacral -> caudal

68
Q

What direction is dorso-ventral flexion?

A

up and down (increases running speed)

69
Q

C1

A
  • supports the skull
  • articulates with occipital condyles
  • allows “yes” movement
70
Q

C2

A
  • weakly articulates with atlas
  • skull & atlas move together and rotate on axis for “no” motion
71
Q

What stops hyperextension of the neck?

A

the odontoid process of the dens and transverse ligament of C1

72
Q

What direction stresses the odontoid process and what direction stresses the transverse ligament?

A

odontoid process - tilting head back
transverse ligament - chin to chest

73
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do most mammals have?

74
Q

What are the exceptions to the normal number of cervical vertebrae in mammals?

A

sloth & manatee

75
Q

What are the 4 shift s in the pelvis of Homo sapiens?

A
  1. upper pelvis shift
  2. lumbar shift
  3. dorsal sacrum shift (at birth)
  4. short, broad pelvis
76
Q

What is beneficial for shortening of the pelvis?

A

lower center of gravity for walking upright (humans only bipedal)

77
Q

Human gender differences in the pelvis?

A
  1. pubic arch (men = 90/ women = >100)
  2. height (men=taller)
  3. narrower from anterior superior ischial spine and ischial spine - (men=narrower)
  4. coccyx (men=closer into pelvis; women=farther out from pelvis_

CVA (20 decks)

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