LAB - vertebrate integuments Flashcards
How does a tissue differ from a cell?
A tissue is made up of cells that work together for a common purpose.
What are the four tissue types?
- Connective
- Epithelial
- Nervous
- Muscle
5 functions of the integumentary system:
- thickening to resist mechanical injury
- barrier so pathogens cannot enter
- keep shape of organism
- absorb heat/radiate excess
- housing sensory receptors
What is the primary component of the dermis?
collagen
What are some of the functions of the mucous layer in fish and amphibians?
- moisten the surface of skin
- protection from bacterial infection
- ensure laminar flow of water across surface
What is an additional function of the amphibian mucous layer?
prevent desiccation when amphibians are on dry land
What is keratinization?
is a rapid dividing of cells from the base of the epithelium that rise to the surface undergoing orderly self-destruction while accumulating protein products (keratin)
What is the purpose of keratinization?
reduce water loss through the skin in dry, terrestrial environments
Why are lipids added to integument during keratinization?
increased resistance of tetrapod skin to desiccation - comes from unicellular glands at surface/multicellular sunk into dermis
What is a callus and what layer of skin forms it?
an area of common friction that form a thick cornified layer in the stratum corneum
Collagen w/in the dermis of a fish is often organized into plies. What is a pile and what is its advantage?
collagen fibers woven into distinct layers, resisting forces in specific directions, to bend without wrinkling
Cosmoid scales
double layer of bone (vascular & lamellar) - thick layer of dentin beneath thin layer of enamel - sarcopterygians
Ganoid scales
double layer of bone (vascular & lamellar) - thick surface coat of enamel without dentin (shiny) - gars & polypterus
Cycloid scales
no enamel, dentin, or vascular bone - just lamellar in concentric rings (circuli) - teleosts
Ctenoid scales
no enamel, dentin, or vascular bone - just lamellar bone in fringe projections along posterior margin - teleosts
What is cutaneous respiration?
gas exchange between air and capillary beds in lower epidermis & dermis (some fish don’t have any lungs)
How does a claw differ from a nail?
Both are keratinized. A claw is curved & laterally compressed. It is also projected instead of attached.
Which mammals have nails? What is their function?
Primates - protect fingertips from mechanical injury and help stabilize fingers & toes for better grip on the opposite side
How do horns differ from antlers?
Similarity - they both rise up & take integument with them
Horns - integument produces tough cornified sheath that fits over bony core (keratinized)
Antlers - overlying skin (velvet) shapes & provides vascular supply to bond then velvet falls away leaving bare bone
Horns
integument produces tough cornified sheath that fits over bony core (keratinized)
Antlers
overlying skin (velvet) shapes & provides vascular supply to bond then velvet falls away leaving bare bone
Identify.
Chromatophore
Dog fish scales
Identify.
Secretory cell
Identify A & B.
A. Epidermis
B. Dermis
Dogfish Skin
Identify A-D.
A. Dentin
B. Enamel
C. Pulp Cavity
D. Spine
Dogfish skin
Placoid scale-like teeth on jaw (dogfish)
Identify A & B.
A. epidermis
B. dermis
amphibian skin
Identify.
Mucous gland
Amphibian skin
Identify.
Poison (granular) gland
amphibian skin
Identify.
chromatophore
amphibian skin
Amphibians Class -
Amphibia
Birds Class -
Aves
What is pictured here?
epidermal scales
What are the 3 feather types:
flight, contour, down
Function of flight feathers
major locomotor
Function of contour feathers
aerodynamically shape bird surface
Function of down feathers
thermal insulation
Identify the type of feather:
flight feather
Identify the type of feather:
Contour feather
Identify the type of feather
down feather
Identify A-D.
A. Barb
B. Barbule
C. Barbacil
D. Rachis
Identify parts of the feather (A-C)
A. Vane
B. Quill (calamus)
C. Rachis
What is the class of mammals?
Mammalia
What are the 2 cell arrangements of mammalian epithelia?
- simple
- stratified
Simple epithelium
only one cell layer thick - one side is attached to basement membrane
Stratified epithelium
made up of more than one layer of cells
3 general cell shapes of mammalian cells (and description)
- squamous - scale-like
- cuboidal - cube-shaped
- columnar - column-shaped
Pseudostratified epithelium
a layer of simple columnar epithelia, but the cells vary in height and their nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane - false appearance of being stratified (aka ciliated)
Identify the tissue type
simple squamous epithelium of lung alveoli
Identify cell type and gray ring around
simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney)
- gray ring = basement membrane
Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium and what is a common function?
kidney tubules & secretory glands - secretion & absorption
Identify cell type
simple columnar epithelium (know where nuclei and microvilli are)
Where can you find simple columnar epithelium and what is its common function?
digestive tract - absorb nutrients via microvilli
Where is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found and what is its function?
trachea & bronchi - mucus secretion
Easy way to distinguish pseudostratified:
the cell nuclei do not line up linearly across
Identify Nail Anatomy (A-D)
A. Nail body (unguis)
B. Lunula
C. Eponychium (cuticle)
D. Hyponychium (subunguis)
What is the function of the nail matrix?
forms new nail at nail base by pushing existing nail forward to replace worn/broken free edge
Describe claws/hooves parts
Unguis - top
Subunguis - underneath
What are the two parts of goat horns?
- bony core (underneath porous)
- keratin sheath (top outer layer)
