LAB - Connective Tissue & Cranial Anatomy Flashcards
How does a tendon differ from a ligament?
Tendon = join bone to muscle
Ligaments - join bone to bone
both are examples of connective tissue associated with cartilage and bone
How do osteoblasts differ from osteoclasts?
osteoblast - immature osteocytes involved in new bone deposition (build)
osteoclast - bone removal through breakdown of bone matrix (break down)
List the 2 protein fibers found within cartilage:
- collagen fibers
- elastin fibers
What are the 2 components of the matrix within cartilage?
- ground substance
- protein fibers
The cells within cartilage are called ________.
chondrocytes
Which tissue is more vascularized, cartilage or bone?
bone
Form & Function: How does hypertrophy differ from atrophy? If you were on the moon, which would predominate your body?
Bone is responsive to mechanical stress.
Hypertrophy - use increase then increase in bone density & deposition
Atrophy - use decrease then decrease in bone density
On the moon, atrophy
What is the difference between endochondral, dermal, and sesamoid bone?
These are embryonic origins used as descriptors (gross visual appearance of bone will not tell method of embryonic origin)
- endochondral - most elaborate - formation of cartilage from mesenchyme & replacement of cartilage by bone tissue
- dermal - direct from mesenchyme no cartilage precursor
- sesamoid - form w/in tendons (knee) & aren’t preceded by cartilage
- some bone structures are composites of these
What is the difference b/w homodont and heterodont dentition?
Homodont - (lower vertebrates) - teeth same general appearance throughout mouth
Heterodont - (mammals) - teeth differ in appearance in mouth
What animals have no teeth?
turtles & birds
What is the function of the carnassial pair in carnivores? What teeth comprise this pair?
Last premolar (upper row) & first molar (lower row)
- primary shearing surface along lateral side of jaw (form/fx- similar to scissor blades)
Identify the type of cartilage and 3 parts:

Hyaline Cartilage
A. Extracellular matrix
B. Lacuna
C. Chondrocytes
Identify the type of cartilage and 3 parts:

Fibrocartilage
A. Lacuna
B. Chondrocytes
C. Collagen fibers
Identify the type of cartilage and 3 parts:

Elastic Cartilage
- Chondrocyte
- Lacuna
- Elastic cartilage
List 2 places where you can find hyaline cartilage in vertebrates:
- tips of ribs
- ends of bones to assist with joints
Which type of cartilage is most abundant in vertebrates?
hyaline
Which type of cartilage is most flexible?
elastic cartilage
Chondrocyte literally translates to _________.
Cartilage cell
- Identify tissue type
- Function
- Parts (A&B)

- mesenchyme tissue
- connective tissue develops from embryonic mesenchyme tissue (not in adults)
3a. mesenchymal Cells
3b. ground substance
- Identify tissue type
- Function
- Parts (A&B)

- adipose tissue
- long-term energy storage, protection of organs, and insulation against the cold
3a. adipocytes (fat cells)
3b. nucleus
- Identify tissue type
- Function
- Parts (A-D)

- areolar tissue
- functions to cushion organs and wrap around and protect neurons and vasculature
3a. fibroblasts
3b. ground substance
3c. collagen fibers (thick & pink)
3d. elastic fibers (purple)
- Identify tissue type
- Function
- Parts (A&B)

- reticular tissue
- support framework for organs like liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and kidney
3a. reticular fibers
3b. extracellular matrix
- Identify tissue type
- Function
- Parts (A&B)

- dense regular tissue
- occurs in tendons and ligaments
3a. collagen fibers
3b. ground substance
Label parts A-E

A. Osteon
B. Lacuna
C. Central (Haversian) Canal
D. Lamella
E. Canaliculi
Identify parts a-e

a. mesenchymal cells
b. calcified matrix
c. bone trabeculae
d. osteoclasts
e. osteoblasts (in lacuna)
Identify A

a. supratemporal fenestrae
Identify B

infratemporal fenestrae
Identify C

nasal
Identify D

premaxilla
Identify E

maxilla
Identify F

quadrate with condyle
Identify G

palantine process of premaxilla
Label parts A-E

A. Osteon
B. Lacuna
C. Central (Haversian) Canal
D. Lamella
E. Canaliculi
Identify parts a-e

a. mesenchymal cells
b. calcified matrix
c. bone trabeculae
d. osteoclasts
e. osteoblasts (in lacuna)
Identify A

a. supratemporal fenestrae
Identify B

infratemporal fenestrae
Identify C

nasal
Identify D

premaxilla
Identify E

maxilla
Identify F

quadrate with condyle
Identify G

palantine process of premaxilla
What kind of dentition do alligators have?
homodont
Identify H.

palatine process of maxilla
Identify I.

internal nares (choanae)
Identify J

incisive foramen
Identify 1 -

articular
Identify 2

Dentary
Identify A & B

Alligator
a. occipital condyle
b. foramen magnum
Identify (stars)

orbit
Identify ***

quadrate
Identify ****

cornified beak of keratin
Identify ***

dentary
Identify A-C (what animal)

Turtle
a. occipital condyle
b. internal nares
c. incisive foramen
What is the function of the articular bone?
The articular is a part of the maxilla where it forms the jaw joint with the quadrate of the cranium.
What is the foramen magnum?
It is the largest skull foramen where the spinal cord passes through.
Identify ***

Nares
Identify ***

palatoquadrate
Identify ***

Meckel’s cartilage
Identify ***

Gill arches 1-5
Identify ***

Spinal cord
How many gill slits should be on a dogshark?
5
What is the additional structure to be identified on shark crainal skeleton?
eye orbit/optic foramen
Identify

Frontal bone
Identify.

Parietal
Identify

supraorbital foramen
Identify

Nasal bone
Identify

Lacrimal bone
Identify

zygomatic bone
Identify

Middle & inferior nasal concha
Identify

Maxilla
Identify

Mental foramen
Identify

Mandible
Identify

mental protuberance