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CSCP401 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly describe the role of the nervous system in the body

A

The nervous system is responsible for all behaviours, memories and movements
The nervous system helps to maintain homeostasis.

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2
Q

What are the 2 structural divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS), Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

What does the Peripheral nervous system (PNS) control.

A

cranial nerves (12 pairs), spinal nerves (31 pairs)

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4
Q

What does the Central nervous system (CNS) control.

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the 2 main types of cell in the nervous and their functions.

A 
Neurons (nerve cells)
• conduct nerve impulses 
• analyse information, store memories, direct the body’s responses
 Neuroglia
• Support, nurture, protect neurons
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6
Q

What is a dentrite

A

receive information from the environment and from other neurons and carry electrical signals towards the cell body

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7
Q

What is a cell body

A

integrates incoming signals and initiates a nerve impulse or inhibits sending a nerve impulse

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8
Q

What is an Axon

A

conducts nerve impulses away from cell body to the axon terminals

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9
Q

What is a Myelin Sheath

A

insulates sections of the axon and speeds up conduction of nerve impulses

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10
Q

What is Axon terminals

A

release a neurotransmitter onto another neuron, a muscle or a glands

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11
Q

What are the three types of nuerons

A

Sensory, Interneurons, motor neurons

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12
Q

What are 2 types of Peripheral NS

A

Somatic and autonomic

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13
Q

What is Somatic NS

A

• conveying sensory information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, limbs and from the senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste…) to the CNS
• conducting impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles only
voluntary actions / consciously controlled responses

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14
Q

What is Autonomic NS

A
  • conveying sensory information from receptors in the visceral organs
  • conducting impulses from CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
  • involuntary actions / subconsciously controlled responses
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15
Q

What are the Autonomic NS divisions

A

Sympathetic nervous system, Parasympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

What is Parasympathetic nervous system.

A
  • prepares the body for rest, recovery, healing
  • directs what are referred to as our ‘rest and digest’ responses
  • increases the number of impulses sent to the digestive system (↑ the rate of digestion) so the body can replenish it’s energy supplies, heal damaged tissues, and so on
17
Q

What is the sympathetic NS

A

Prepares the body to deal with ‘E’ situations
(e.g. emergencies, exercise, energy expenditure)
• directs what are referred to as ‘fight or flight’ responses
• increases the number of impulses sent to the heart (↑ heart rate), skeletal muscle blood vessels (vasodilate to allow ↑ glucose and O2 to muscles)

18
Q

What is the Neuromuscular Junction Function

A

• Nerve cells are separated from one another or from a muscle fibre by a minute gap (or space) called a synapse.
• To continue the transmission of a nerve impulse in another neuron, or to activate a muscle, a nerve impulse must cross the synapse (the gap).
• It does this with the aid of chemical neurotransmitters secreted at the ends of the axon.
Calcium is also required.

19
Q

What is the Neuromuscular Junction process

A
  1. Impulse arrives at axon terminal
  2. Neurotransmitter (NT) is released from secretory vesicles
  3. NT crosses gap/synapse to receptors on muscle fibre
  4. Muscle fibre is stimulated to contract
  5. NT is recycled back into axon terminal
20
Q

What is the function of Sensory function (PNS)

A

to sense changes in the internal and external environment (stimuli) through sensory receptors and relay the information to the CNS

21
Q

What is the function of Integrative function (CNS)

A

to analyze the sensory information, store some aspects and make decisions regarding appropriate responses

22
Q

What is the function of Motor function (PNS)

A

to respond to stimuli by initiating action in effectors

23
Q

What are the five structures always involved in a change

A

Receptors, sensory neurons, CNS, Motor neurons, effectors

24
Q

What is a reflex

A

A reflex is a rapid, predictable sequence of involuntary actions that occur in response to a particular stimulus

25
Q

list the components in a Somatic nervous system reflex.

A

For example: the patellar tendon reflex
receptors - detect stimulus (rapid stretch of quadriceps muscle)
sensory neurons - carry impulses from receptors → CNS
CNS – impulses are ‘processed/interpreted’ in the CNS (spinal cord)
motor neurons - carry impulses from CNS → effector (quadriceps muscle)
effectors – carry out appropriate response (quadriceps muscle contracts and prevents any further stretch)

26
Q

What is the cerebrum

A
  • Has many convolutions which effectively triple its surface area
  • Makes up 40% of total brain mass
  • Contains billions of neurons
27
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

• Highly folded surface

28
Q

What is the brain steam

A

• Connects to the spinal cord

29
Q

What is the cerebrum functions

A
  • Sensory awareness
  • Initiates voluntary (conscious) motor activities
  • Analyses information for thinking, learning ..
  • Stores memories
30
Q

What is the cerebellum functions

A
  • Provides smooth, co-ordinated skeletal muscle movements

* Regulates posture and maintains balance subconsciously

31
Q

What is the brain steam functions

A 
• Has centres for control of basic activities for survival
	o cardiac (heartbeat), respiratory (breathing) and vasomotor (blood vessel diameter)
32
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum.

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

33
Q

What is the function of meninges

A

The brain is surrounded by layers of membrane called meninges
Between the layers nearest the brain is a clear, watery fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
CSF provides physical and chemical protection of the brain

34
Q

Give an example of an infection in the nervous system.

A

• Meningitis - Infection and inflammation of the meninges

35
Q

Name a bacterial, viral and fungal infection of the nervous stystem

A

Tetanus (Clostridium tetani), Viral meningitis, Fungal meningitis

36
Q

How do microbes gain access to the nervous system

A

Nasal colonisation, invasion of blood stream, damage to the meninges

37
Q

What is the Link between nervous and endocrine systems

A

The hypothalamus is a major link between nervous and endocrine systems
The hypothalamus is a small region deep in the brain.

CSCP401 (13 decks)

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