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CSCP401 > Introduction to microorganisms > Flashcards

Introduction to microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

List the six stages of the chain of infection.

A

Infectious agent, Reservoir, Portal of exit, Mode of transmission, Portal of entry, Susceptible host

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2
Q

What are 3 standard precautions or safety measures undertaken in a clinical setting.

A

Hand hygiene, PPE (Personal protective equipment), disposal of sharps, waste management, routine cleaning.

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3
Q

The study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

A

Microorganisms

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4
Q

Example of Prokaryote

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

Example of Eukaryote

A

Fungi, Protozoa, yeast and mould

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6
Q

Example of a non cellular microorganism

A

Virus

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7
Q

State 3 difference between prokaryote and eukaryote microorganisms,.

A

Pro - Unicellular Eu - Multicellular
Pro - NO Eu - membrane-bound organelles
Pro - DNA not in a membrane Eu - DNA in membrane

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8
Q

The first word in the name is the _____ with the first letter always written in capitals

A

Genus

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9
Q

The second is the _____ which is not written as a capital.

A

species

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10
Q

When writing the both words of a scientific name of a microorganism what do you do?

A

Underline it

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11
Q

Escherichia can also be written as

A

E. Coli

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12
Q

What is beneficial bacteria?

A

Assist with various body processes and/or Crowd out and prevent infection by harmful bacteria

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13
Q

What is opportunistic bacteria?

A

Microflora that is potentially harmful and can cause disease under certain conditions

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14
Q

What is Resident microflora ?

A

Species that are always in or on the human body found on skin and conjunctiva

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15
Q

Describe structure and function of the capsule of bacteria.

A

outer surface of a bacteria cell, aids in attachment to surfaces.

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16
Q

Describe structure and function of the cell wall of bacteria.

A

maintains the shape of the cell, offers protection from environmental factors

17
Q

Describe structure and function of the cell membrane of bacteria.

A

phospholipid bilayer which is selectively permeable, allowing some particles to pass through.

18
Q

Describe structure and function of the cytoplasm of bacteria.

A

substance inside of a cell membrane, 80% water acting as a medium for many metabolic reactions in the cell.

19
Q

Describe structure and function of the ribosomes of bacteria.

A

found in random grouping , functions as the site of protein synthesis.

20
Q

Describe structure and function of the chromosome/nucleiod of bacteria

A

consists of a single, long molecule of DNA and contains the genetic information for metabolism and reproduction.

21
Q

Describe structure and function of the plasmid of bacteria

A

small, circular, double stranded piece of DNA, doesn’t carry genes for normal function. carries genes for antibiotic resistance.

22
Q

Describe structure and function of the pill/fimbriae of bacteria

A

this, hair like structure on surface of many negative cells. helps cell attach to surfaces and can transfer genetic information.

23
Q

Describe structure and function of the flagellum of bacteria

A

some bacteria have these, they propel the cell along. long thread like attachment.

24
Q

Describe structure and function of the endospore of bacteria

A

formed by certain bacteria in unfavourable conditions and are resistant to heating and drying.

25
Q

What are the main characteristics of Fungi?

A

found everywhere, can only live on organic material in water and soils, some are parasitic/harmful/beneficial, fungi grow where bacteria dont thrive,

26
Q

What are the main characteristics of mould?

A

they grow on substances with low moisture, able to grow in high sugar and salt concentrations, many prefer acidic conditions (fruit) and they can tolerate cold conditions.

27
Q

What are the main characteristics of yeasts?

A

yeasts are found in soil and water and the surface of fruit and vegetables. yeasts can be used for fermentation to produce wine and beer.

28
Q

Describe and state an example of superficial fungal infection.

A

Superficial infections occur on the outer parts of the body e.g. skin, hair, nails
Examples: Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), Tinea corporis (ringworm)

29
Q

Describe and state an example of systemic fungal infection.

A

Affect tissues and organs deep within the body e.g. lungs
Example: Aspergillosis

30
Q

Describe and state an example of opportunist fungal infection.

A

Fungal infections caused by fungi that are normally harmless. Example: Vaginal or oral thrush

31
Q

Name the main characteristic of protozoa and how they move

A

Eukaryote cells, Most are unicellular free-living microorganisms, They are usually found in soil or water, protozoa ingest food and digest within the cell. They move by locomotion.

32
Q

Give an example of protozoa in the body

A

Plasmodium spp. causes Malaria, Giardia intestinalis causes Giardiasis, Toxoplasma gondii which causes Toxoplasmosis

33
Q

Describe the structure of viruses

A
  • Single type of nucleic acid - either RNA or DNA
  • Protein coat or ‘capsid’ surrounds the nucleic acid
  • In some viruses, a membrane-like envelope surrounds the capsid
  • Protein spikes on envelope aid in attachment and entry to host cells
34
Q

list characteristics of viruses that distinguish from cellular organisms.

A
  • Viruses do not have a cell structure i.e. they are acellular
  • Viruses require a host cell in order to replicate
  • Most viruses can only infect specific cells of one particular species
35
Q

What are the Steps in Virus Replication

A
  1. Attachment to appropriate host cell
  2. Entry and uncoating (capsid removal by host enzymes)
  3. Replication of viral nucleic acid and synthesis of viral proteins
  4. Assembly of new complete virus particles
    Release of virus particles from host cell (which may burst
36
Q

Give 3 examples of viral infections.

A

influenza, mumps, rubella ,measles, rubella

37
Q

Giva an example of Latent Viral Infections.

A

Herpes

CSCP401 (13 decks)

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