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Nervous System 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central nervous system comprise of?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
-processes and integrate incoming information

-stimulate motor function in muscles and glands
A) grey matter: collection of cell bodies, fibers and neurological cells
B) white matter: collection of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and nuerological cells

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2
Q

What comprises the peripheral nervous system?

A

Cranial nerves( I-XII)
-spinal nerves (31 pairs)
-ganglia-collection of cell bodies
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG), preaortic, sympathetic chain ganglia

  • plexuses -network of nerves
    • cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, enteric, cardiopulmonary,esophageal, etc

Sensory receptors
-Pacinian, Merkel, free nerve endings, mechanoreceptor, osmoreceptors, proprioceptor

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3
Q

Explain the organization of the somatic peripheral nervous system

A
  • voluntary
  • motor: skeletal muscles
  • general sensory: skin, joints
  • special sensory-taste, smell, hearing, vision, equilibrium
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4
Q

Explain the organization of the sympathetic peripheral nervous system

A
  • origin: T1-L2 level of the spinal cord
  • involuntary motor
  • cardiac and smooth muscles
  • sweat glands
  • sensory: organs
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5
Q

Explain the parasympathetic nervous system organization.

A

Origin: CN III, VII, IX, X
S2, 3,4 level of the spinal cord

  • involuntary: motor
  • cardiac and smooth muscles
  • all other glands
  • sensory organs
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6
Q

Explain the enteric nervous system functional system

A

Little brain- independent of the brain

Belongs to ANS
-embedded in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and digestive organs

Consists of two plexus:

  • myenteric (auberc’s)
  • submucosal(Meissner’s)
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7
Q

Describe the parts of the neuron

A

Body(perikaryon)-found in grey matter in CNS
Membrane
Cytoplasm(neuropplasma)
-Nissl bodies -aggregates of rough endoplasmic reticulum
- neurofibrils and microfilaments
- Lipofuschin: aging pigment

Fibers(neuronal process) -
Dendrites -receive inputs, organelles present
Axon- found in white matter in CNS
-Axon hillock
- cytoplasm(axoplasm)- mitochondria, microtubules and neurofilaments
-membrane (axolemma)
- myelin sheath deposited by Schwann cell
-axon terminal
- synaptic end bulb

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8
Q

What is the purpose of multipolar (efferent) neurons?

A

Multipolar(efferent)

  • motor neurons (brain & spinal cord), inter neurons
  • several branching dendrites, one axon
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9
Q

What is the purpose of bipolar neurons?

A
  • one definite and axon

- found in special sensory organs

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10
Q

What is the purpose of Pseudo polar neurons?

A

Afferent

  • originally bipolar
  • sensory neurons
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11
Q

Where are pyramid cells found?

A

Cerebral cortex

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12
Q

Where are Purkinje fibers found?

A

Cerebellum

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13
Q

What are the nervous cells of the CNS?

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal
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14
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

A) protoplasmic grey matter)
B) fibrous (white matter)

  • protection -blood brain barrier
  • support
  • metabolic exchange, regulate environment
  • influence formation of synapses-learning
  • tissue repair
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15
Q

What is the purpose of oligodendrocytes?

A

Insulation of multiple axons

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16
Q

What is the purpose of ependymal cells?

A

Cuboidal to columnar

  • lines cavities of the CNS
  • microvilli and cilia
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17
Q

What are the components of the blood brain barrier?

A

Capillaries

  • tight junctions between endothelial cells
  • thick basement membrane

Astrocytes
-processes

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18
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Neuroloemmocytes/Schwann cells-peripheral nervous system

  • insulation of single axons
  • encloses multiple unmyelinated axons
  • axon repair
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19
Q

What are the satellite cells?

A

Peripheral nervous system

  • surround the body
  • regulate exchange between neurons and interstitial fluid
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20
Q

Explain myelination

A
  1. Begins during fetal development, groove develops in the Schwann cell.
  2. Schwann cells spirals around a single axon, an oligodendrocyte spirals around many axons
  3. Schwann cell cytoplasm and nucleus forms the outer layer, an oligodendrocyte’s cell cytoplasm and body are removed from the axon

The inner portion (sheath) multiple layers of Schwann cell membrane

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21
Q

What are nodes of ranvier?

A
  • gaps between myelinated portion of axons
  • allows quicker conduction of nerve impulse

Increase in amount of myelin from birth to maturity increases speed of nerve impulse conduction

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22
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Site of communication between neurons or between neurons and effector cells

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23
Q

What are the elements ?

A

Presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter

Postsynaptic neuron- contains receptors for neurotransmitters

Postsynaptic cell- neuron or effector cell(muscle or glandular cell)

24
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

Synapse between a somatic motor. Neuron and a skeleton muscle fibers

Synaptic end bulbs (terminal bulbs)-swollen ends of axon terminals containing synaptic vesicles

Neurotransmitter: chemical released by the presynaptic neuron to communicate with other neurons

  • excitatory
  • inhibitory
25
What are the points of contact in synapses?
Axodendritic Axosomatic Axoaxonic Axon-muscle cell/gland
26
What is the communication unit of synapses?
Electrical- flow of ions between cells e.g., gap junctions in cardiac muscles Chemical- release of neurotransmitters between neurons e.g., Acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction
27
What is gastrulation ?
Transformation of the bilaminar disc into a trilaminar disc (1 endoderm, (2 mesoderm, (3 ectoderm -involves in rearrangement and migration of epiblast cells
28
What is neurulation?
Formation of the neural plate, neural folds and the neural tube Notable structures during gastrulation Primitive streak(s) Primitive node(n) Notochord process (np) Notochord- induces specialization of neighboring tissues by providing inform about position and fate of information
29
What is the neural plate?
- formed when overlying ectoderm is induced by notochord - invaginate to give rise to neural groove(g) and folds(f) - neural tube(t): fusion of neural folds - Neural crest cells: collection of ectodermal cells Adult derivatives of neuralation tissue Notochord-nucleous pulposus of neural tube wall and cavity- Brain and spinal cord (wall) and associated cavities - spina bifida - anencephaly
30
What are the derivatives of development of neural crest cells ?
``` Melanocytes Odontoblasts Tracheal cartilage Enterochrommafin cells Laryngeal cartilage Leptomeninges Parafollicular cells/ pseudo unipolar cells All ganglia/ adrenal medulla Schwann cells Spiral membrane ```
31
What are the neural tube secondary vesicles ?
Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon Spinal cord
32
What are the primary brain vesicles wall derivatives of the prosencephalon?
Telencephalon which forms the cerebrum Diencephalon which forms the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus
33
What is the primary brain vesicles wall derivative of mesencephalon?
Midbrain
34
What is the primary brain vesicles wall derivative of rhombencephalon?
Metencephalon which becomes cerebellum and pons Myelencephalon becomes medulla
35
What are the parts of the diencephalon of the brain?
Thalamus(t) Hypothalamus Pineal gland(epithalamus) Cavity: 3rd ventricle
36
What is the function of thalamus?
Relays almost all sensory input to the cerebral cortex. Provides crude perception of touch, pressure, pain and temperature. Includes nuclei involved in movement planning and control
37
What is the function of the hypothalamus ?
Controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland. Regulates emotional and behavioral patterns and circadian rhythms. Controls body temperature, and regulates eating and drinking behavior. Helps maintain the waking state and establishes patterns of sleep. Produces the hormones oxytocin and anti diuretic hormone
38
What is the function of the epithalamus?
Consists of pineal gland, which secretes melatonin, and the habenular nuclei
39
What are basal nuclei?
Masses of grey matter - regulate initiation and termination of movements - regulate muscle tone required for certain movement - Control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscle - initiate and terminate attention, memory, planning e.g., Parkinson’s-dopamine - Huntington disease -GABA or acetylcholine - Ahlzeimer’s disease- acetylcholine
40
What are the types of tracts of the brain?
Association tracts Commiserate tracts Projection tracts
41
What are association tracts?
Tracts between gyri-same hemisphere
42
What are commisural tracts?
Between similar gyri in different hemispheres e.g. corpus callosum(CC)
43
What are projection tracts?
Ascending and descending between cerebrum and lower CNS e.g. internal corpuscle (IC)
44
Where are the motor areas of the cerebral cortex?
Initiate movements Location to central sulcus Primary motor area(4) Broca’s speech area (mostly left hemisphere)(44, 45)
45
What are the cerebral cortex areas for sensory reception?
Sensory-receive and interpret sensory impulses Location: posterior to central sulcus -primary sensory- touch, proprioceotion, pain, itch, tickle, thermal sensation and where they originate (1,2,3) ``` Primary visual(17) Primary auditory(41,42) Primary gustatory( 43) Primary olfactory (28) -secondary sensory areas - sensory association areas ```
46
What are the associations of cerebral cortex?
Complex integrative functions- memory, emotions, reasoning will judgement personality traits personality traits intelligence Location: motor and sensory (occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal lobes) Somatosensory association(5,7) Frontal association (9,10,11, 12) Visual association(18,19) Auditory association( 22) Wernicke’s area(22, 39, 40) Common integrative area(5,7, 39,40) Promotor area learned motor activities(6) Frontal eye field area voluntary scanning movements(8)
47
What is the thalamus?
Paired masses lateral to third ventricle bridged by intermediate mass(IM)
48
What is the diencephalon ?
Three components containing numerous nuclei, involved in sensorimotor processing between upper and lower brain
49
What are the functions of the diencephalon?
Relay sensory impulse from spinal cord, brain stem, and midbrain to cerebrum, relay motor impulse from cerebellum and basal nuclei to cerebrum, regulates autonomic activity, maintains consciousness
50
Where is the hypothalamus located?
Inferior to the thalamus Contains approx. 12 nuclei in 4 regions Regions: (1) mammillary, (2) tuberal, (3) supraoptic, (4) preoptic (Prolactin, oxytocin)
51
Describe the cerebrum
Largest part of the brain Two cerebral hemispheres- 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal Cortex: outer surface, gray matter, contains neurons arranged in layers Medulla- inner region- white matter Gyri(g)- e.g. precentral gyrus, post central gyrus Between gyrus are fissures (f) and sulci(s): e.g., longitudinal fissure, central sulcus, lateral sulcus
52
What is the function of the medulla oblangata ?
Relays sensory input and motor output between other parts of the brain and the spinal cord. Reticular formation (also in pons, midbrain, and diencephalon) functions in consciousness and arousal. Vital centers regulate heartbeat, blood vessel diameter, and breathing(together with the pons). Other centers coordinate swallowing, vomitting, coughing, sneezing and hiccuping . Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves VIII, IX,X XI & XII
53
What is the function of the pons?
Relays impoulses from one side of the cerebellum to the other and between the medulla and midbrain. Pneumotaxic area and apnuestic area, together with the medulla, help control breathing. Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, & VIII
54
What is the function of the cerebrum?
Sensory area are involved in the perception of sensory information; motor areas control muscular movement; and association areas deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, personality traits, and intelligence. Basal nuclei coordinate grooms, automatic muscle movements and regulate muscle tone. Limbic system functions in emotional aspects of behavior related to survival
55
What is the function of the midbrain?
Relays motor output from the cerebral cortex to the pons and sensory input from the spinal cord to the thalamus. Superior colliculi coordinate movements of the eyeballs in response to visual and other stimuli, and the inferior colliculi coordinate movements of the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. Most of substantia nigra and red nucleus contribute to the control of movement. Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves III & IV

Anatomy (29 decks)

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