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Anatomy > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the lymphatic system

A

Consists of a group of cells, tissues and organs that monitor body surfaces and internal fluid compartments and react to the presence of potentially harmful substances

The lymphatic system is unique, in that it is a 1-way system that returns lymph fluid via vessels to the cardiovascular system for eventual elimination of toxic byproducts by end organs, such as the kidney, liver, colon, skin, and lungs

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2
Q

What are the functions of lymphatic system?

A
  1. Drainage of fluid
  2. Absorption of transportation of fat
  3. Immune function
  4. Production and maturation of immune cells
  5. Filtration of lymph
  6. Large compounds and hormones
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3
Q

Explain how the lymphatic system drains fluid

A

One of the main functions of the lymphatic system is to collect and return tissue fluid from intracellular spaces in all the tissues of the body back to systemic circulation

-Plasma proteins contained in the lymph is also returned to circulation via this means

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4
Q

Explain how the lymphatic system absorbs and transports fat

A

Lymphatic vessels located in the villi of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) known as lacteals are responsible for absorption and transport of ingested lipids.

-Fat soluble vitamins are also absorbed with the lipids via the same means

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5
Q

Explain how the lymphatic system contributes to immune functions

A
  • specific. The lymphatic system is associated with cells originating from the bone marrow which mount specific responses in the presence of an antigen or foreign body
  • The B and T lymphocytes recognize foreign cells, toxins, microbes and cancer cells. Their response are specific to a particular antigen or foreign cell
  • Other cells like macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils etc are also found in the lymphatic system and participate in the immune system. Their response may be however less
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6
Q

How does the lymphatic system control production and maturation of immune cells

A

The bone marrow and thymus are responsible for the production and maturation of the T and B lymphocytes

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7
Q

How does the lymphatic system filtrate lymph

A

The lymph nodes perform filtration function of lymph and trap particles that may be contained in the lymph before it is returned to circulation

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8
Q

Large molecules/ hormones are ….

A

Transported through the lymphatic system

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9
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system ?

A
  • lymphatic fluid
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic tissue/organ
  • red bone marrow

-Specialized or immune cells e.g.
Lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophiles, eosinophils, antigen presenting cells etc.

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10
Q

Why does the lymphatic system work synergistically with the immune system and circulatory system?

A

The end result is to ensure immunity and return of lymphatic fluid back to circulation

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11
Q

What is the function of lymph?

A

Contains nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and fatty acids, as well as toxins and cellular waste products, that are transported to and from cellular tissues

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12
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic vessel?

A

Transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the veins of the cardiovascular system

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13
Q

What 9d the functions of lymph nodes

A

Monitors the composition of lymph, the location of pathogen engulfment and eradication, immunologic response, and the regulation site

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14
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Monitors the composition of blood components, the location of pathogen engulfment, eradication, the immunologic response and the regulation site

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15
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Serves as the site of T- lymphocyte maturation, development, and control

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16
Q

Differentiate lymphoid tissue and organs

A

Lymphoid tissue (connective tissue capsule: no)

Lymphoid tissue organs (connective tissue capsule:yes)

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17
Q

Describe the types of lymphoid organs

A

A. Primary lymphoid organs:

  • bone marrow.
  • thymus

B. Secondary lymphoid organs

  • lymph node
  • spleen
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18
Q

Describe the types of lymphoid tissue

A

A. Diffuse lymphoid tissue

  • loose type: few lymphocytes present
  • dense type: many lymphocytes present

B. Nodular lymphoid tissue

  • solitary nodules
  • aggregate nodules
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19
Q

Describe the lymphatic nodule

A

Collection of B lymphocytes

  • pale staining central region- germinal center
  • when activated in presence of invading microorganism, B cells proliferate producing plasma cells- antibody producing cells
  • macrophages are also found in the general center
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20
Q

Explain the formation of lymph

A

Lymph is ultrafiltrate go blood

  • interstitial fluid is formed at the arterial end of capillaries and reabsorbed at the veinous end
  • About 10-20% of this fluid is not reabsorbed in the venous end-lymph fluid
  • This 10-20% of fluid enters the lymphatic system via the lymph vessels
  • there is a difference between the composition of plasma and lymph fluid
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21
Q

Explain the fundamentals of lymph flow

A

Flow rate of lymph is generally low. An increase in pressure of interstitial causes increase flow into the lymph vessels

  • Valves in lymph vessels prevent retrograde flow
  • Skeletal muscle pump and Respiratory pump also effect (enhance) the flow rate of lymph
  • There are lymphatic vessels in most areas of the body except the Brain, bone marrow and avascular areas such as epithelia and cartilages

Skeletal muscle contraction and pulses generated by arteries help to propel lymph through lymphatic channels

22
Q

Outline lymph circulation

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymph nodes
  4. Lymph trunks
  5. Cisterna chyli
  6. Lymph ducts
  7. Blood
23
Q

What is thymus embryologically developed from?

A

From the third pharyngeal pouch

24
Q

Where is the thyroid located?

A

The superior mediastinum

25
Q

Describe the development of the thyroid

A

It is well developed in early childhood

  • thymus begins involution at puberty
  • by adulthood, most of the thymus has atrophied and replaced by adipose tissue
26
Q

What is the purpose of the thymus?

A

Location for proliferation and maturation of T cells (originate from the bone marrow)

27
Q

Explain the structure of the thymus

A

Covered by a thin connective tissue capsule

  • Trabeculae from the connective tissue divide it into lobes.
  • Each lobule contains a cortex and a medulla
  • Cortex contains mainly immature T lymphocytes, is darker staining (due to tightly packed lymphocytes) and also contains special type of cells called Epithelial Retivular Cells (ERCs)
  • ERCs establish a protective blood-thymus barrier that prevents the developing thymocytes from coming in contact with antigens
  • The medulla is lighter staining - due to less lymphocyte concentration. Also contains more ERCs
  • Epithelial reticular cells degenerate or keratinized in the medulla into Hassan (thymic) corpuscles

The Thymus contains no afferent lymph vessels (unlike the lymph node)

28
Q

Describe red bone marrow

A

Is a primary lymphoid organ

  • Site of production of T and B lymphocyte
  • Immature and naïve T lymphocytes exit the bone marrow to the thymus for maturation and differentiation
  • B lymphocytes develop, mature and differentiate in the bone marrow
29
Q

Describe the lymph node

A
  • Kidney or bean shaped
  • Contains a lot of reticular fibers
  • Encapsulated -dense connective tissue
  • Trabeculae divides nodes into compartments.
  • Efferent and afferent lymphatic vessels
  • Subdivisions are the cortex and medulla
  • Filters lymph and mounts immune response via recirculation of lymphocyte
  • Has a Hilum where arteries and veins + efferent lymphatic exit
  • Afferent lymphatic vessels drain lymph through the convex margin
30
Q

Describe cortex of the lymph node

A

Outer cortex: lymph nodules, B cells

Inner cortex (paracortex): T cells, dendritic cells

31
Q

Describe the medulla of the lymph node

A

B cells, retivular cells, reticular fibers, sinuses and cords: reticular fibers, lymphocytes, macrophages

32
Q

Describe the flow of lymph through the lymph node

A

Lymph from afferent lymphatic vessels

Drain into subscapular sinuses

  • From the subscapular sinuses, lymph flow into the trabecular sinuses
  • then to the medullary sinuses
  • and finally exit via the efferent lymphatics in the hilum of the lymph node
33
Q

Describe the spleen

A

Is a secondary lymphatic organ

  • major function of the spleen is to filter blood
  • located at the left-posterior abdominal wall under cover of ribs 9-11
  • largest lymphoid organ
  • It is covered by a dense connective tissue capsule which continues as Trabeculae in the paranchyme of the organ
  • Unlike lymph nodes, contains no cortex or medulla
34
Q

What does the spleen consist of?

A

Red pulp and white pulp

35
Q

Describe red pulp in the spleen

A
  • contains capillary sinusoids

- splenic cords (of Billroth): laced with lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, granulocytes etc

36
Q

Describe the white pulp of the spleen

A
  • consists of focal accumulation of lymphocytes with macrophages
  • central artery located in the white pulp is ensheathed by T lymphocytes ( peri arteriolar lymphatic sheath ), PALS
  • Marginal zone is the area around the white pulp and is rich in macrophages and antigen presenting cells
37
Q

What is contained in the white pulp of the spleen?

A

Veinous sinuses

Splenic cords

Lymphocytes

Macrophages, plasma cells

Granulocytes, RBC

38
Q

What are the general parts of the splenic parenchyma?

A

White and red pulp

39
Q

What is the function of red pulp of spleen?

A
  • Removal by macrophages of ruptured, worn out, or defective blood cells and platelets
  • Storage of platelets, up to one-third of the body’s supply
  • Production of blood cells during fetal life
40
Q

What is the function of white pulp of the spleen ?

A
  • B cells and T cells carry out immune functions

- Macrophages destroy blood-prone pathogens by phagocytosis

41
Q

Describe the tonsils

A

Tonsils are lymphoid tissues

  • Part of gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
  • process antigens that may attack the body via the oral or nasal cavity
  • Are partially encapsulated
  • Include the pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsil, and lingual tonsil
  • Together they form a lymphoid ring at the back of the oral cavity called Waldeyer’s ring
  • Tonsillitis= inflammation of the tonsils
42
Q

Describe the pharyngeal tonsils

A
  • Located at the posterior wall of the pharynx
  • Called adenoids when enlarged by inflammation
  • Contains many lymph nodules
43
Q

Describe the palatine tonsils

A
  • Paired tonsil found on either side of the mouth posteriorly
  • Contains deep crypts formed by epithelial invagination
  • Mainly secondary nodules are found in this region
44
Q

Describe lingual tonsils

A
  • Found at the posterior aspect of the tongue
  • Also contains crypts(shallow)
  • Associated with mucus glands
45
Q

What is tonsillitis ? Common causes and symptoms

A

Inflammation of the tonsils

Common causes- Virus, bacteria

Symptoms- headache, fever, malaise enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, dysphagia

46
Q

What are mucosa associated lymphatic tissue?

A

Located in the lamina propria of the mucosa lining

-May be arranged in aggregate of lymph nodules

47
Q

Give the examples of MALT

A

RALT- respiratory system, genitourinary system

NALT- nasal cavity

GALT- gut associated lymphoid tissue.g. Stomach, esophagus, peyers patches, colon, tonsils

48
Q

What are peyers patches?

A

A lymphoid nodule

  • Are located in the ileum (distal portion of the small intestine )
  • Consists of numerous aggregates of lymphatic nodules containing T and B lymphocytes
49
Q

Describe the right lymphatic duct

A

Drains lymph from the following parts of the body:

  • Upper right side of the trunk above the diaphragm (via the right Bronchomediastinal trunk)
  • Right upper limb (via right subclavian trunk)
  • Right side of the head and neck(via right jugular trunk)
  • The right lymphatic duct usually drains into the right Subclavian, at its junction with the right internal jugular vein
50
Q

Describe the thoracic duct

A
  • Is the largest lumphatic vessel in the human body
  • Starts at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra and extends to the neck
  • Collects and drains lymph from the lower part of the body below the diaphragm , left side of the trunk above the diaphragm, the left upper limb and the left side of the head and neck
  • Empties into the left brachiocephalic vein

Anatomy (29 decks)

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