Axial And Appendicular Skeleton

Question 1

What are depressions and openings?

Answer 1

Sites allowing the passage of soft tissue (nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, tendons) or formation of joints e.g. fissure, fossa, sulcus, meatus

Question 2

What are processes?

Answer 2

Projections or outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue, such as ligaments and tendons

-Processes that form joints: e.g. condyle, facet, head

-Processes that form attachment points for connective tissue:
E.g. crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercule, tuberosity

Question 3

What is the axial skeketon?

Answer 3

Midline bones forming the head, neck and trunk

Question 4

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 4

Bones of the limbs

Question 5

Describe the divisions of the mandible

Answer 5

Body-

• Horse-shoe shaped
• houses mandibular teeth

Ramus-

• coronoid process
• condylar process
• mandibular foramen

Question 6

Describe the vertebral column

Answer 6

Form the central axis round which the other bones of the body are arranged

Consists of bones called vertebrae

• 7 cervical (neck)
• 12 thoracic (trunk)
• 5 lumbar (lower back)
• 5 fused sacral (pelvic girdle)
• 4 rudimentary fused coccygeal

Question 7

What are the vertebrae joined by?

Answer 7

Joined together by intervertebral discs to form a flexible yet stable support (reinforced by ligaments)

Question 8

What are the features of the typical features?

Answer 8

Typical features:

• Body
• vertebral canal
• spinous process
• 2x transverse processes
• 2x lamina
• 2x pedicles
• 2x superior Articular facets
• 2x inferior Articular facets

Question 9

Contrast typical and atypical vertebrae

Answer 9

Each region has special features

Each region has typical and atypical features
-Each atypical has special features that separate it from the other

All transitional vertebrae are atypical
-C7, T12, L5 etc.

Differences are functional

Question 10

Describe cervical vertebrae

Answer 10

Transverse foramen

• short bifid spinous process
• Large vertebral foramen

-Atypical:
C1,C2 , C7

Question 11

Describe thoracic vertebrae

Answer 11

Long sloping spinous process

• Small vertebral foramen
• Costal facets
• Atypical
  
  • T1, T10, T11, T12

Question 12

Describe lumbar vertebra

Answer 12

• Broad spinous process
• Large vertebral foramen
• Largd body

Question 13

The thoracic cage is comprised of:

Answer 13

Thoracic vertebra

Ribs

Sternum

Question 14

Describe the ribs

Answer 14

12 pairs- curved, long, flat bones

-Protect thorax and abdomen

• True ribs (1-7)
  
  • Articulate (anteriorly ) with sternum via costal cartilage -False ribs (8-10)
  • Cartilages fuse and attach to 7th cartilage

Floating ribs( 11-12)
 -free anterior ends (float)

Question 15

What bones make up the hand?

Answer 15

Carpals

• short bones
• wrist

Metacarpals

• long bones
• hand

Phalanges

• long bones
• fingers/digits

Question 16

Contrast female and male pelvic girdle

Answer 16

Female:
- light and thin general structure
-false(greater) pelvis is shallow
-pelvic brim(inlet) is larger and more oval
-pubic arc is greater than 90 degrees
-Acetabulum small and faces anteriorly
Obturator foramen is oval

Male:

• heavy and thick general structure
• false(greater) pelvis is deep
• pelvic brim(inlet) is smaller and heart-shaped
• Acetabulum Large and faces laterally
• obturator foramen is round
• pubic arch is less than 90 degrees

Question 17

What are the bones in the foot?

Answer 17

Tarsals

• short/irregular
• heel
• contributes to foot
• contributes to ankle

Metatarsals

• long bones
• foot

Phalanges

• 14 long bones
• toes/digits