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Anatomy > Digestive System III > Flashcards

Digestive System III Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Holding reservoir and mixing chamber

Major secretions: mucus, Gastrin, intrinsic factor, acid, pepsinogen, gastric lipase

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2
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pyloric

Histology has the added layers:

Muscularis mucosae: 2 layers

Muscularis externa: 3 layers

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3
Q

What are the histological layers of the stomach?

A
  1. Mucosa:
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
  1. Submucosa
    - no glands
3. Muscularis 
   3 Layers: 
       -inner oblique
       -middle circular
       - outer longitudinal
  1. Serosa
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4
Q

What is what are the gastric pits and gastric glands made up of?

A

The simple columnar epithelium with mucous cells invaginates into the lamina propria to for, gastric pits and gastric glands

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5
Q

What are the specialized cells of the epithelium of the stomach?

A
  • mucous cells
  • parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
  • regenerative cells
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6
Q

Give a general overview of the small intestines

A
  • Approximately 3m in length
  • Divided into 3 parts
  • Both retro- and intraperitoneal parts
  • major functions - digestion and absorption, secretion
  • adaptations- microvilli, villi & plicae circularis (circular folds)
  • Lacteals (lymphatic vessels ) are present in the core of the villus- transport of absorbed nutrients
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7
Q

Describe the mucosa of the small intestine

A

Epithelium- simple columnar with goblet cells

Intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)- enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and M cells

Lamina propria- loose connective tissue and abundant mucosa-ass9ciated lymphoid tissue

Muscularis mucosa- smooth muscle

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8
Q

Describe the submucosa of the small intestine

A
  • dense connective tissue

- the lymphatic tissue of the lamina propria may extend into the submucosa

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9
Q

Describe the muscularis externa

A

2 layers of smooth muscles:

Outer—> longitudinal muscle

Inner—> circular

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10
Q

Describe the serosa of the small intestine

A

The small intestine is covered in serosa except for 2nd, 3rd, 4th part of the duodenum

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11
Q

What are the adaptations of the small intest8bes?

A
  1. Circular folds (plicae circulae)-folds of mucosa and submucosa
  2. Villi-finger like projections of the mucosa—> epithelium with a core of lamina propria
  3. Microvilli-x> brush border projection of the apical membrane of the absorptive cells
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12
Q

Describe the general characteristics of the duodenum

A

C shaped tube

-25 cm long

Distinguishing characteristics:

  • Appearence of circular folds
  • Opening of hepatopancreatic duct
  • Brunners glands in submucosa—> alkaline secretion
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13
Q

What are the 4 basic layers of duodenum?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular externa
  4. Serosa
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14
Q

What makes up the mucosa of the duodenum?

A

Epithelium- simple columnar

Enterocytes
Goblet cells
Paneth cells 
Stem cells
Enteroendocrine cells
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15
Q

Describe the submucosa of the duodenum

A

Brunners glands

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16
Q

How many layers does the muscularis externa of the duodenum have?

A

2 layers

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17
Q

Describe the serosa of the duodenum

A

1st part intraperitoneal rest is retroperitoneal

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18
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the jejunum?

A

Long, branched circular fold

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19
Q

What are the diseases of the jejunum?

A

Celiac disease

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20
Q

What are the diseasees of the stomach?

A

Peptic ulcer

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21
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the ileum?

A
  • Blunted circular folds

- Submucosa: Aggregated lymphoid tissue-Peyer’s patches

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22
Q

What valve opens the small intestine into large intestine?

A

Ileocecal valve open the small intestine into the large intestine

23
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A
  • completion of digestion
  • absorption of water, ions, vitamins
  • production of vitamins B & K
  • formation and expulsion of waste

Consists of 4 parts

24
Q

Summarize the characteristics of the ileum

A

Pale pink color

  • 2-3 cm caliber
  • thin and light wall
  • less vascular it’s than jejunum
  • short vasa rectus
  • arcades has many short loops
  • more fat in mesentery than jejunum
  • low and sparse circular folds(plicae circulae); absent in distal parts
  • many lymphoid tissue (peyers patches)
25
Q

Summarize the characteristics of the jejunum

A

Deep red color

Caliber: 2-4 cm

Thick and heavy wall

Greater vascularity than the ileum

Long vasa recta

Arcades have a few large loops

Less fat in mesentery than the ileum

Large, tall, and closely packed circular folds(plicae circulae)

Few lymphoid tissues(peyers 0atches)

26
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the large intestines?

A

Haustra

  • tenia coli
  • epicolic appendages
  • abundance of goblet cells, no villi

Appendix- wormlike structure attached to the cecum, containing large amounts of lymphoid tissue

27
Q

What are the diseases of the large intestine?

A

Appendicitis

Diverticula disease

28
Q

What are the layers of the large int3stine?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis

Serosa

29
Q

Describe the mucosa of the large intestine

A

Epithelium- simple columnar with goblet cells

Intestinal glands/crypts of lieberkuhn

Lymphatic nodules

30
Q

Describe the submucosa of the large intestine

A

Dense connective tissue.

31
Q

Describe the muscularis of the large intestine

A

Tenia coli, haustra

32
Q

Describe the serosa of the large intestine

A

Epiploic appendages

33
Q

Describe the rectum

A

Taenia coli at rectosigmoid junction become one continuous layer of muscle instead of three discrete bands.

Rectum is between rectosigmoidd junction (rectum joins large intestine) and pectinate(dentate) line - dentate line is where endoderm meets ectoderm)

34
Q

What are the features of the rectum/anal canal?

A

Rectum- transverse rectal folds

Anal canal- anal columns

Epithelium- simple columnar to stratified squamous

Highly vascularized

Internal anal sphincter- smooth muscle

External anal sphincter - skeletal muscle

35
Q

What are the diseases of the rectum/anal canal?

A

Colorectal cancer

Hemorrhoids

36
Q

Describe the liver

A

Location-right upper quadrant

Second largest organ

-intraperitoneal organ

4 lobes

37
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Endocrine/exocrine organ, detoxification, storage, lypolysis

38
Q

Describe the architecture of the liver

A

Lobule- the functional unit of the liver

Hepatocytes are arranged in stacked rows

Sinusoids- large endothelium lined spaces containing blood

Portal triad- hepatic artery, bile duct, portal vein

39
Q

What diseases aff3ct the liver?

A

Hepatitis

40
Q

Describe the histology of the liver

A

Hepatocytes-cuboidal with central nuclei

Mono-or binucldated

Glycogen stores-pale staining

Spaces between cells

41
Q

Describe the biliary tree

A

The biliary tree is the pathway for the flow of bile after its secretion from the hepatocytes

Heoatocytes—>. Bile canaculi—>bile ductules—> bile duct—>right and left hepatic ducts—> cystic ducts—> common bile duct—> hepatopancreatic ampulla

42
Q

What disease affects the biliary tree?

A

Jaundice

43
Q

Describe the gall bladder

A

Pear shaped organ, volume of 30-50 mls

Simple columnar epithelium

Stores and concentrate bile

Smooth muscle contracts under the influence of CCK

44
Q

Can gall stones be asymptomatic?

A

Can be asymptomatic (common in fat, fertile, female of forty); or it may produce colic or acute cholecystitis

45
Q

What causes biliary colic?

A

Usually caused by spasm of the smooth muscle of the gall bladder in an attempt to expel the gall stones

46
Q

What is Acute cholecystitis?

A

Pain in the right upper quadrant—> may cause subdiaphragmatic parietal peritoneum irritation, which is supplied by the phrenic nerves (refferred pain -x> right shoulder)

47
Q

What can cause of obstruction biliary tree?

A

Obstruction of biliary tree by gall stone or compression by pancreatic growth —> obstructive jaundice. Impaction of stone in the ampulla can cause passage of infected bile into the pancreatic duct leading to pancreatitis

48
Q

What are the sources of blood for the liver?

A
  1. Hepatic artery-oxygenated
  2. Hepatic portal veins- dexugenated, nutrient rich

The portal veins collects venous blood with products of digestion from the abdominal parts of the GIT, gallbladder, spleen & pancreas

49
Q

What is the portal system?

A

Capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins

50
Q

What disease affects the portal system?

A

Alcoholic liver disease

51
Q

Describe the pancreas

A
  • retroperitoneal gland
  • division: head, body, tail, uncinate process
  • Endocrine/exocrine gland
  • secretes - pancreatic digestive juices, glycogen, insulin, etc
  • pancreatic duct joins with CBD—> hepatopancreatic ampulla(HPA) , aka Ampulla of vaster of duodenum
52
Q

Give the functions of pancreas as an exocrine gland

A

Pancreatic digestive juices cells in clusters called acini

Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, elastase

53
Q

Give the functions of pancreas as an endocrine gland

A

Endocrine pancreas secretes: insulin, glucogan, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

Islets of langerhans

Anatomy (29 decks)

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