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Anatomy > Digestive II > Flashcards

Digestive II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A
  • ingestion- taking in the food via the smooth
  • secretion
  • propulsion -swallowing and peristalsis
  • digestion
    • mechanical: chewing, churning, mixing
    • chemical: macromolecules into simpler molecules(aided by enzymes)
  • absorption: transport of nutrients across the digestive wall into blood and lymph
  • defecation: elimination of wastes, indigestible material,bacteria, cells
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2
Q

What are the parts of the walls of the GI tract?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa/adventitia
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3
Q

Describe the mucosa of the GI wall

A
  • epithelium
    • lining of the lumen
    • variable
  • Lamina propria
    • Loose CT below the epithelium
    • Richly vascularized (blood and lymphatic)
    • Mucosa ass9ciated lymphoid tissue(MALT)
  • Muscularis interna/mucosae
    • muscle type of fixed
    • One or two layers
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4
Q

Describe the submucosa of the wall of the GI tract

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

  • Submucosal/Meissner’s plexus (enteric nervous system)
    • autonomic plexus
  • glands
  • Blood and lymph vessels
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5
Q

Describe the muscularis externa

A
  • muscle type- smooth/skeletal
  • various layers of muscle in various orientation
  • Myenteric /Auerbach’s plexus
    • Also an autonomic plexus

Function- peristals8s

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6
Q

Describe serosa/adventitia

A

-connective tissue with or without a lining epithelium

 - Above the diaphragm
      - adventitia

- Below the diaphragm
       - serosa
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7
Q

Describe the innervation of the digestive system

A

The enteric nervous system is responsible for intrinsic of the GI tract. It is made up of the Meissner’s and Auerbach’s plexus, found in the submucosa and muscular layers respectively.

  • Motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons all interact in response to the various stimuli of the digestive tract
  • The craniosacral parasympathetic system and the sympathetic system form synapses with the ENS. In this way they’re responsible for extrinsic regulation of motility and secretions of the digestive tract
  • The sensory receptors in the gut respond to chemical and mechanical changes and synapse with ANS, ENS & CNS
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8
Q

Contrast intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs

A

Intraperitoneal organs are organs that lie within the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity

-Retroperitoneal organs are organs that are external to the peritoneal lining in the abdominal cavity

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9
Q

What are the divisions of the peritoneum?

A
  1. Visceral peritoneum

2. Parietal peritoneum

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10
Q

What are the peritoneal folds?

A
  1. Greater omentum
  2. Lesser omentum
  3. Messntery
  4. Mesocolon
  5. Falciform ligament
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11
Q

What is the mesentery ?

A

Double layer of the peritoneal fold that envelopes the portions of the intestines and attaches them to the posterior abdominal wall

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12
Q

What is the tongue?

A

Accessory organ

-Highly muscular- intrinsic and extrinsic groups of muscles

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13
Q

What are the functions of the tongue/ oral cavity?

A
  • formation and movement of bolus in the oral cavity
  • Saliva
  • Speech
  • Taste
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14
Q

Each taste bud is made up of…

A
  1. Gustatory receptor cells
  2. Supporting cell
  3. Basal cells
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15
Q

What is a gland?

A

Invagination of epithelial tissue into connective tissue, product secreted via ducts or via blood stream

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16
Q

What are the types of glands?

A

Minor-
-Located in the mucous membrane

-labial (lips), buccal (cheeks), palatal (palate), lingual (tongue)

Major- 3 pairs; parotid, sublingua, submandibular

17
Q

What are the major parts of the salivon?

A

The four major parts of the salivon the acinus, the intercalated duct, striated duct, and excretory duct are color coded. The three columns on the right of the salivon compare the length of the different ducts in the three salivary glands..

The red-colored cells of the acinus represent serous-secreting cells, and the yellow-colored cells represent mucus-secreting cells

The ratio of serous-secreting cells to mucus-secreting cells is depicted in the acini of the various glands

18
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid- serous
  2. Sub mandibular- mixed
  3. Sublingual- mixed
19
Q

Describe the parotid gland

A
  • Parotid-(along side the ear)
  • Serous gland
  • Covered by capsule, divided into lobules
  • Duct empties into oral cavity - 2nd upper molar

H &E:
-Acinar cells- granular appearance , abundant RER

20
Q

Describe the sublingual gland

A
  • Located beneath the tongue
  • Mixed gland, abundant mucous units
  • H & E:
  • Mucous units are pale staining, nucleus pushed to the side
  • Serous units granular
21
Q

Describe the submandibular gland

A
  • located on the floor of the oral cavity
  • mixed gland- contains more serous than mucous secreting units
  • Ducts empty lateral to the lingual frenulum

H & E:
-Mucous units are pale staining, nucleus pushed to the side

-Serous units granular

22
Q

Describe the pharynx

A

A funnel shaped tube from the internal nares to the esophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly

Respiratory and digestive functions

The muscular contractions of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx help propel food into the esophagus and then in the stomach

23
Q

Describe the esophagus

A
  • Straight collapsible muscular tube
  • Passageway for substances between pharynx and stomach
  • 4 constrictions
  • Passes through the diaphragm @T10
  • Physiological sphincter
24
Q

What are the pathologies of the esophagus?

A
  • Barret’s Esophagus

- GERD

25
Q

What are the layers of the esophagus?

A
  1. Mucous
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Adventitia
26
Q

Describe the muscularis of the esophagus

A
  • non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

- esophagus cardiac glands

27
Q

Describe the submucosa of the esophagus

A

-esophageal glands proper

28
Q

Describe the muscularis of the esophagus

A

Various Muscle types

  • upper 1/3 skeletal
  • middle 1/3 skeletal—> smooth

-lower 1/3 smooth

Anatomy (29 decks)

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