Nervous

Question 1

What type of fibers are thinly myelinated, small caliber

Answer 1

A delta

Question 2

What type of fibers are unmyelinated, very small in caliber?

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A new class of drugs, including the gepants and monoclonal antibodies to the ____ receptor, are used to block migraine and may be found useful to control chronic pain,

Answer 3

Calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP)

Question 4

What neurotransmitters are released by interneurons that inhibit pain responses?

Answer 4

GABA

Question 5

Which area of the spinal cord contains the axon terminals of unipolar neurons that generate electrical potentials in the skin at free nerve endings?

Answer 5

Substantia gelatinosa

Question 6

Where is conscious perception of pain information processed?

Answer 6

Somatosensory cortex ( Postcentral Gyrus)

Question 7

What fiber pathway in the spinal cord contains nerve axons carrying pain and temperature information?

Answer 7

Anterolateral system

Question 8

Which inflammatory chemicals are involved in modification of synapse in chronic pain, and likely represent the connection between chronic inflammation and chronic pain?

Answer 8

Cytokines

Question 9

What are examples of endogenous opioids?

Answer 9

enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins, dynorphins, and nociception/orphanin.

Question 10

The affective component of pain is the?

Answer 10

Emotional state and context of the individual

Question 11

Which area of the brain releases endorphins and enkephalins onto synapses of the spinal cord carrying pain information?

Answer 11

Periaqueductal gray

Question 12

What type of opioid receptors are bound by exogenous and endogenous opioids and produce pain relief?

Answer 12

U(mu) opioid receptors

Question 13

Between B-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles, which is the first and most important cause of Alzheimer’s disease pathology?

Answer 13

B-amyloid plaques

Question 14

The neurofibrillary tangles seen in Alzheimer’s disease are made up of?

Answer 14

Hyperphosphorylated tau

Question 15

What is the estimated prevalence of Alzheimer disease for the population over 80 years of age?

Answer 15

1 in 4 (25%)

Question 16

Hyperphosphorylated tau is characteristic of which disease?

Answer 16

Alzheimer Disease

Question 17

B-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles made from a microtubule-associated protein called tau are characteristic signs of?

Answer 17

Alzheimer disease

Question 18

What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinsons Disease?

Answer 18

Constipation
Dizziness or fainting
Loss of smell
Mask-like face
Small handwriting
Soft or low voice
Stooped posture
tremor
Trouble moving or walking
Trouble sleeping

Question 19

Parkinson disease is characterized by degeneration of neurons in the ?

Answer 19

Substantia nigra

Question 20

CAG repeats in the Huntington gene to the characteristics of Huntington’s disease? Less than 0

Answer 20

No disease

Question 21

CAG repeats in the Huntington gene to the characteristics of Huntington’s disease? 36-39

Answer 21

Late onset or no disease

Question 22

CAG repeats in the Huntington gene to the characteristics of Huntington’s disease? 40-120

Answer 22

Huntington’s disease with symptoms

Question 23

Huntington’s disease is characterized by abnormal repeats of the nucleotide sequence CAG, coding for the amnio acid glutamine, in the gene for the protein Huntington

Answer 23

CAG
Glutamine
Huntington

Question 24

What brain structures are included in the umbrella term striatum?

Answer 24

Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Putamen

Question 25

Huntington disease belongs to a category of diseases termed?

Answer 25

Trinucleotide repeat disease

Question 26

What cellular processes are abnormal in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

Question 27

Symptoms f amyotrophic lateral sclerosis include dysarthria. What is dysarthria?

Answer 27

Difficult speaking

Question 28

In relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis, each time a relapse (exacerbation) ends, the patient ends up _____ before.

Answer 28

A little bit worse than

Question 29

On T2-weighted MRI, multiple sclerosis appears as a ____ indicating edema.

Answer 29

White spot

Question 30

In relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the relapse is when the disease gets worse, and the remission is when it gets better.

Answer 30

Replase- Worse Remission- Better

Question 31

The two catergories of brain injury are?

Answer 31

Diffuse Focal (penetrating

Question 32

The most common symptom of uncal herniation is?

Answer 32

Inability to recall person, place or time

Question 33

What is the relationship between areas of brain edema seen on MRI and the extent of a concussion?

Answer 33

The area of detectable edema almost underestimates the true degree of damage

Question 34

This phrase is used to describe the brain injury which occurs in concussion?

Answer 34

Diffuse axonal injury

Question 35

A patient is born with an aneurysm at the place where the basilar artery divides (bifurcates) into the right and left posterior cerebral arteries. One afternoon when the patient loses his temper in traffic the aneurysm ruptures and blood spills out of the broken artery. This is a type of stroke?

Answer 35

Hemorrhagic

Question 36

A patient smokes two packs of cigarettes per day for 40 years. Inflammation in the blood vessels causes the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque which eventually blocks blood flow in the middle cerebral artery. What type of stroke is this?

Answer 36

Ischemic

Question 37

A clot that forms in the heart and travels to the brain would be called a?

Answer 37

Thromboembolism

Question 38

One of the major categories of genes activated in the ischemic penumbra that triggers apoptosis are the?

Answer 38

Caspases

Question 39

These arteries commonly suffer from ischemic strokes resulting in motor and sensory deficits?

Question 40

Neurons in the ischemic penumbra die by what mechanism?

Answer 40

Apoptosis

Question 41

There is a large area of brain tissue near but not adjacent to a blood clot which is damaged but not killed immediately This area is termed the?

Answer 41

Ischemic penumbra

Question 42

Which is larger blood vessels, immune cells, the ischemic core, or the ischemic penumbra?

Answer 42

The ischemic penumbra

Question 43

What are two layers that bound a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Answer 43

Arachnoid mater Pia mater

Question 44

An intravascular coil is used to treat?

Answer 44

Cerebral aneurysm

Question 45

The blood that collects within the substance (parenchyma) of the brain is called?

Answer 45

Intracerebral hemorrhage