Nervous Flashcards
What type of fibers are thinly myelinated, small caliber
A delta
What type of fibers are unmyelinated, very small in caliber?
C
A new class of drugs, including the gepants and monoclonal antibodies to the ____ receptor, are used to block migraine and may be found useful to control chronic pain,
Calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP)
What neurotransmitters are released by interneurons that inhibit pain responses?
GABA
Which area of the spinal cord contains the axon terminals of unipolar neurons that generate electrical potentials in the skin at free nerve endings?
Substantia gelatinosa
Where is conscious perception of pain information processed?
Somatosensory cortex ( Postcentral Gyrus)
What fiber pathway in the spinal cord contains nerve axons carrying pain and temperature information?
Anterolateral system
Which inflammatory chemicals are involved in modification of synapse in chronic pain, and likely represent the connection between chronic inflammation and chronic pain?
Cytokines
What are examples of endogenous opioids?
enkephalins, endorphins, endomorphins, dynorphins, and nociception/orphanin.
The affective component of pain is the?
Emotional state and context of the individual
Which area of the brain releases endorphins and enkephalins onto synapses of the spinal cord carrying pain information?
Periaqueductal gray
What type of opioid receptors are bound by exogenous and endogenous opioids and produce pain relief?
U(mu) opioid receptors
Between B-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles, which is the first and most important cause of Alzheimer’s disease pathology?
B-amyloid plaques
The neurofibrillary tangles seen in Alzheimer’s disease are made up of?
Hyperphosphorylated tau
What is the estimated prevalence of Alzheimer disease for the population over 80 years of age?
1 in 4 (25%)
Hyperphosphorylated tau is characteristic of which disease?
Alzheimer Disease
B-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles made from a microtubule-associated protein called tau are characteristic signs of?
Alzheimer disease
What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinsons Disease?
Constipation
Dizziness or fainting
Loss of smell
Mask-like face
Small handwriting
Soft or low voice
Stooped posture
tremor
Trouble moving or walking
Trouble sleeping
Parkinson disease is characterized by degeneration of neurons in the ?
Substantia nigra
CAG repeats in the Huntington gene to the characteristics of Huntington’s disease? Less than 0
No disease
CAG repeats in the Huntington gene to the characteristics of Huntington’s disease? 36-39
Late onset or no disease
CAG repeats in the Huntington gene to the characteristics of Huntington’s disease? 40-120
Huntington’s disease with symptoms
Huntington’s disease is characterized by abnormal repeats of the nucleotide sequence CAG, coding for the amnio acid glutamine, in the gene for the protein Huntington
CAG
Glutamine
Huntington
What brain structures are included in the umbrella term striatum?
Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Putamen
Huntington disease belongs to a category of diseases termed?
Trinucleotide repeat disease
What cellular processes are abnormal in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
Symptoms f amyotrophic lateral sclerosis include dysarthria. What is dysarthria?
Difficult speaking
In relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis, each time a relapse (exacerbation) ends, the patient ends up _____ before.
A little bit worse than
On T2-weighted MRI, multiple sclerosis appears as a ____ indicating edema.
White spot
In relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the relapse is when the disease gets worse, and the remission is when it gets better.
Replase- Worse
Remission- Better
The two catergories of brain injury are?
Diffuse
Focal (penetrating
The most common symptom of uncal herniation is?
Inability to recall person, place or time
What is the relationship between areas of brain edema seen on MRI and the extent of a concussion?
The area of detectable edema almost underestimates the true degree of damage
This phrase is used to describe the brain injury which occurs in concussion?
Diffuse axonal injury
A patient is born with an aneurysm at the place where the basilar artery divides (bifurcates) into the right and left posterior cerebral arteries. One afternoon when the patient loses his temper in traffic the aneurysm ruptures and blood spills out of the broken artery. This is a type of stroke?
Hemorrhagic
A patient smokes two packs of cigarettes per day for 40 years. Inflammation in the blood vessels causes the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque which eventually blocks blood flow in the middle cerebral artery. What type of stroke is this?
Ischemic
A clot that forms in the heart and travels to the brain would be called a?
Thromboembolism
One of the major categories of genes activated in the ischemic penumbra that triggers apoptosis are the?
Caspases
These arteries commonly suffer from ischemic strokes resulting in motor and sensory deficits?
Neurons in the ischemic penumbra die by what mechanism?
Apoptosis
There is a large area of brain tissue near but not adjacent to a blood clot which is damaged but not killed immediately This area is termed the?
Ischemic penumbra
Which is larger blood vessels, immune cells, the ischemic core, or the ischemic penumbra?
The ischemic penumbra
What are two layers that bound a subarachnoid hemorrhage?
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
An intravascular coil is used to treat?
Cerebral aneurysm
The blood that collects within the substance (parenchyma) of the brain is called?
Intracerebral hemorrhage
