Final Flashcards
Why does water accumulate inside the cell during hypoxia?
Sodium accumulates inside the cell
What is the product of the enzyme superoxide dismutase?
Hydrogen Peroxide
What four sources of Free Radical production?
Normal metabolic processes
Pollutants
Radiation
Smoking
What is expected result of hypoxia?
Increased intracellular calcium
Free radicals have unpaired?
Electrons
Superoxide is un example ox which type of molecule?
Free radical
During hypoxia where does potassium accumulate if ATP is not available to power the sodium-potassium pump
Outside the cell
When carbon monoxide interferes with the delivery of oxygen this is considered?
Chemical asphyxia
What is a collection of blood in soft tissue such as under the dura mater?
Hematoma
Dunns hypothermic injuries what five things can occur?
Infarction
Ischemia
Increased intracellular sodium
Vasoconstriction
Viscosity of blood increases
Suffocation, strangulation, and drowning are considered;
Asphyxia injures
Suffocation, strangulation, and drowning are considered;
Asphyxia injures
Injures from noise, radiation, and temperature are considered what type of injury?
Physical injuries
Fractures, asphyxia, and temperature injuries are considered what type of injury?
Physical injures
Hypothermic and hyperthermic injuries are considered what type of injury?
Temperature injuries
When alcohol binds to GABA receptors it has what type of impact?
Inhibitory
Direct damage due to on-target toxicity describes a mechanism for which type of injury?
Chemical injury
The primary site for acute ethanol toxicity is the?
Central Nervous System
Due to paint or occupation exposure to which chemical Dunns the 19th century?
Lead
Injury due to pesticides or mercury are considered?
Chemical injuries
Respiratory acidosis could be suspected in what condition?
Asthma
During a respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation the kidneys compensate with retention of?
H+ (Hydrogen)
During a respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation the kidneys compensate with excretion of?
HCO3- ( Bicarbonate)
What can cause acidosis?
Elevation of CO2
What can cause respiratory alkalosis?
Depression of CO2
What can cause metabolic alkalosis?
Elevation of HCO3-
What effects of aging have at the cellular level?
(Two)
Apoptotic Resistance
Telomeres shorten
What is a neurological disease associated with aging?
Alzheimer’s disease
What is a cardiovascular disease associated with aging?
Hypertension
Part of cell death process, a cell is shrinking and broken into several bodies. What is the death process called?
Apoptosis
Wet gangrene is a clinical term for what type of necrosis?
Liquefactive
TNF-R2 is considered a?
Receptor
What type of necrosis is a likely suspect of breast cancer?
Fat
What type of necrosis is described is a harding process where tissues become solid from a liquid state due to cell death caused by ischemia?
Coagulative
What type of necrosis can be described as wet or dry?
Gangrenous
What type necrosis occurs due to lipases?
Fat
What type of necrosis is described us “cheese-like” and occurs commonly in tuberculosis?
Caseous
When does rigor mortis give way due to the decomposition of muscle tissue after somatic death?
36 hours
What increases intracellulary after somatie death and causes muscle stiffness?
Calcium
When does rigor mortis fully form after somatic death?
12 hours
Which term mans the “bruise of death”?
Liver mortis
Liver mortis refers to what expected feature of somatic death?
Discoloration occurs in gravity-dependent area
Death of the whole organism refers to?
Somatic death
Rigor mortis refers to what expected features of somatic death?
Muscle contraction and stiffness
A predisposition for the disease tends to move the risk_ the disease threshold
Closer to
A predisposition for the disease tends to move the risk_ the disease threshold
Closer to
What causes a permanent epigenetic modification in DNA?
Methylation of DNA
What four mechanisms might result in epigenetic modifications to DNA?
Aging
Diet
Environmental chemicals
Illicit drugs or pharmaceuticals
What four mechanisms might result in epigenetic modifications to DNA?
Aging
Diet
Environmental chemicals
Illicit drugs or pharmaceuticals
The poly A tail is part of the?
3’ regulatory sequence
Introns and exons are found in which part of a gene?
Open reading frame
Promoters and receptors are collectively called?
Transcription factors
A gene is read from 5 to 3. The up stream region is the part that transcribed earlier while the downstream region is transcribed late. What is the upstream of the open reading frame.
5 unstranslated region
Many chromosome translocations result in?
Leukemias & lymphomas
What is the most common outcome of a Chromosome inversion?
No discernible abnormalies
What is the pattern recognition receptor for lipopolysaccharide?
Toll-like receptor 4(TL1R4)
A bacterial cell becomes coated with complement C3b antibody can try to become easy prey for a Macrophage.This process is called?
Opsonization
The cell is most likely to carry a pattern recognition receptor?
Macrophage
Mast cells are abnormally and strongly. Activated in a life-threating innate immune reaction called?
Anaphylaxis
Nuclear factor B (NF-kB) is an importers element of the immune response. What is the most complete description of the role of u(NF-kB)
Transcription factor
A dendrite cell presents an antigen which is specific to a T helper cell. What proteins are involved in the complex that is formed?
CD3 (cell receptor specific to the antigen
CD4
MHC class II Molecule
An activated B cell presents an antigen which is specific to a T helper cell. What proteins are involved in the complex that is formed?
CD3(T cell receptor specific to the antigen)
CD4
MHC class II molecule
Which antibody class is the first to appear in the blood in the first week after exposure to a pathogen?
IgM
Which antibody class is made by B memory cells?
IgG
Which antibody class is found in the blood for weeks, months, or years after exposure to a pathogen?
IgG
The second immune response is much stronger than the first because of the existence of a clinal population of?
Memory B and memory T cells
What disease is thought to be triggered in part, by a combination of type 2 (ILC2) and type 3(IL3) bridges between innate and adaptive immunity?
Asthma-induced obesity
What innate immune cell responds to infection by engulfing and dropping chemical “bombs” on the invader?
Neutrophil
The response to worms or the abnormal response all allergens or asthma, are triggered by the —— that releases histamine and other chemicals to destroy pathogens: which cell Tyre responds to IgE?
Mast cells
What immune response to the invader round worms involves which key cell type? It also is involved with allergies and asthma?
Mast cell
Which immunoglobulin class is involved in anaphylaxis and allergy?
IgE
Which immunoglobulin class is involved in anaphylaxis and allergy?
IgE
Which immunoglobulin class is involved in immune hypersensitivity to free soluble antigens in blood?
IgG
Contact dermatitis ( such as a rush from poison ivy) is primarily mediated by?
T helper 1 (Th1) cells
Activated must cells release?
Histamine
Activated ———- (plasma cells) release IgE, which may lead to allergy or anaphylaxis?
B-cells
Inflammation causes cancer, as the tumoricidal effector response decreases——- increases.
Immure tolerance
Which immune cells are responsible for the tumoricidal effector response?
How is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmitted?
Penetration of the rectal or vagina mucosa
Match the retroviral gene name to its function
Env
Gag
Pol
Env - envelope proteins
Gag- matrix, capsid, and nucleoid
Pol-reverse transcriptase (RNA)
The main diagnostic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus is?
Anti-nuclear antibodies
Scientists believe the root cause of systemic lupus erythematosus is?
Failure to clear dying cells
DQ2 and DQ8 are MHC markers which predispose patients to celiac disease which are the MHC markers found?
On the surface of antigen-presenting cells
The main organ attacked in type 1 diabetes is?
Pancreas
What immune cells uses tumor necrosis factor alpha an extracellular signal? ( There are multiple)
Which gender is much likely to get systemic lupus erythematosus and by how much?
Women by 9x
What is an effective treatment for celiac disease:
Hookworm infestation
What diagnostic test is used to determine if a patient has cellae disease?
IgG antibodies against transglutaminase 2
What is the main interleukin type involved in plaque psoriasis
IL-17
In immune hypersensitivity to free, soluble antigens in blood, complexes are former by antigen bound to?
Mast cells are abnormally and strongly actuated in a life treating innate immune reaction called?
Anaphylaxis
The second immure response is much stronger than the first because of the existence of a clonal population of?
Memory B and memory T cells
What diseases are thought to be triggered in part , by type 1 (natural killer ILC1) “bridge” between innate and adaptive immunity? (There are multiple)
In the cytokine storm that results from SARS-CoV 2 infection resting macrophages are activated by what inflammatory cytokines? (There are multiple)
What cytokines make up the proposed cytokine storm in COVID-19? There are five
CXCL-10
Granulocyte/monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
Interferon-gamma (IFN-y)
IL-6
IL-8
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
SARS CoV-2 is the virus that triggers the disease COVID-19. Virus-infected cells (including alveolar cells of the lung) release chemical signals that say: “ I’m a virus infected cell” save yourself. What is this chemical signal called?
Interferon-alpha and beta (IFN-a, IFN-B)
An important part of wound healing is carried out by cells that engulf and chop up invaders into pieces that are displayed on the cell surface. This process is called?
Phagocytosis
SARS-Cov 2 infects monocytes via DAMPs and PAMPs. The monocyte then release ______ promoting clotting through the intrinsic pathway.
Tissue factor
In order to deliver white blood cells to damaged tissues, blood vessels become “leaky”. this produces _________one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.
Swelling
Which part of the immune system is responsible for the characteristic signs of inflammation?
Innate
The enzyme that breaks down collagen in wound debridement is?
collagenase
What drugs can be used to counteract anaphylaxis? (There are four)
Antihistamines
Bronchodilators
Corticosteroids
Epinephrine
What is gene shuffling?
What is related o overexpression of oncogenes and inhibition of tumor suppressor genes?
Oral Cancer
What is the term used for microorganisms that can grow in an acidic enviorment?
Aciduric
What is gingivitis?
An inflammatory condition of the gum tissue
What can often be associated with plaque development?
Overcrowding or misalignment of teeth?
What can help with remineralization of tooth’s surface?
Calcium, phosphate and fluoride
What type of dysphagia would be associated with ALS or Parkinson disease>
Neurological
What is a type of esophageal cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
What mechanism is commonly involved in GERD?
Hiatal hernia
Results in a loss of peristatic function can be caused by?
Achalasia
What is a common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis?
