Cardiovascular Flashcards
What would increase a person’s risk of forming too many clots?
Oral contraceptives
Myeloproliferative disorders are most likely to cause what?
Thrombocythemia
What is critical for clotting to occur?
Platelet activation
An individual takes to much Coumadin. What are they most at risk for?
Hypocoagulability
What is the most common clotting factor deficiency?
Von Willibrand Disease
Factor V Leiden
What is true of Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas?
What condition is most likely to result in changes to blood cell numbers as the result of immunosuppressive drug therapy?
What is most likely to be seen as a side effect of radiation therapy?
Leukopenia
Sarah Clarke has been displaying signs of anemia for several weeks. Laboratory values indicate normal iron and folic acid levels. what would you test next?
Intrinsic Factor
You are working with a patient with Ewing’s Sarcoma. She has multiple bone tumors. What kind of hematology findings would you expect to find?
An LE cell, or a macrophage that has engulfed all or part of other white blood cells may indicate that condition?
Lupus
What is the best term to describe the condition a patient may experience at a response to a bacterial infection?
Leukocytosis
What is an abnormal increase of red blood cells?
Polycythemia
The translocation that can occur between chromosomes 9 and 22 and is often implicated in changes in hematopoiesis is often referred to as?
Philadelphia chromosome
A loss of EPO from the kidneys is likely to result in which type of anemia?
Normocytic
Lead poisoning is likely to lead to what kind of anemia?
Sideroblastic anemia
What is least likely to be a result of anemia?
Increased blood viscosity
What is a reflection of the volume of each red blood cell?
MCV
As red blood cells mature they become?
Smaller
What type of anemia is most likely to be accompanied by decreased platelets and white blood cells?
Aplastic
What is an an example of hemoglobinopathy?
Sickle cell anemia
What is the most significant issue accompanying polycthemia?
Increased blood viscosity
What is most likely t explain a patient’s leukopenia?
Chronic lupus with positive ANA test
A patient in the ER who was recently injured and experienced massive blood loss is likely to have what type of anemia?
Normocytic
You are working with a 28 year old patient who is experiencing anemia. Her lab values are:
RBC count ; 3.8 (normal 4-6x10)(6)
MCV: 98fl (normal 80-94fl)
MCH 28 (normal 27-31pg)
MCHC 32/dl
What do expect the patients serum iron level to be (Low, Normal, or no way to know)?
The differential results for a patient in the ICU includes a comment about a marked “Shift to the left” What does that mean?
The patients neutrophils are immature
What condition would least likely explain neutrophilia?
What condition would most likely explain neutrophilia?
Infection
Interleukin-5 plays a role in eosinophil proliferation. An abnormal increase in IL-5 would therefore result in what condition?
Eosinophilia
A patient suffering from bacterial vaginosis is likely to see an increase in what cell type?
Neutrophils
What are three parts of the myeloid cell line?
Basophil
Erythrocyte
Macrophage
What is the most common clotting factor deficiency?
Is Hodgkin and No-Hodgkin Lymphomas common or rare and is it more deadly or less deadly?
What would be indicative of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
Reed Sternberg cells
What type of cancer is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of plasma B-cells?
Multiple myeloma
What urinalysis findings would be expected with multiple myeloma?
Increased casts
What is the most significant difference between leukemia and lymphoma?
Body parts affected
What would be expected with multiple myeloma?
Anemia
Why are kidney issues frequently seen in patients with multiple myeloma?
Excessive protein gets stuck in the glomerulus leading to damage
Atypical lymphocytes found in a mediastinal mass as various lymph nodes throughout the body is most likely?
Hodgkin lymphoma
The uncontrolled proliferation of cells that are often abnormal best describes what term?
Cancer
What is the most common childhood leukemia?
ALL
What might contribute to AML being more deadly than the other types of leukemia?
It is genetically more complex
Why might the presence of BCR-ABL in a leukemia patient be a positive thing?
BCR-ABL is a target for some leukemia therapies
Why is subtyping of AML more often performed that subtyping of CML or CLL?
AML can affect a wider variety of cells
You are doing a differential in the hematology lab. What groups of cells would be the most significant to see on a peripheral blood smear?
10% lymphoblasts
What form of leukemia typically affects younger individuals and progresses quickly?
Acute
85 yr old grandfather has had leukemia for the last few years. What type of leukemia do you suspect he has?
Chronic
What is the CPR survival rate if a patient is resuscitated out of the hospital?
12%
When blunt trauma to the spinal cord results in a loss of sympathetic drive to blood vessels what may result?
Neurogenic shock
About how much blood has to be lost to trigger hypovolemic shock?
1L
These structures when damaged can trigger neurogenic shock (There are three):
The lateral horn of the spinal cord
Nerve roots of the spinal cord
Sympathetic chain ganglia
How does the blood flow in a patient with a foramen ovale?
What happens to the tricuspid and mitral valve in a complete atrioventricular septal defect?
They are replaced by a common valve that may not function properly
In Dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) the pulmonary artery emerges from the?
Left ventricle
Aortic pressure and ventricular pressure become disconnected because?
This is the most common valvular abnormality.
Mitral valve regurgitation
Pressure backup from this valvular insufficiency causes atrial fibrillation, pulsing in the neck, and ascites.
Tricuspid valve regurgitation
This word describes a heart valve that is blocked or too stiff and does not allow blood to pass.
Stenosis
What is the pace of the pacemaker in the sinoatrial node, in the absence of sympathetic and parasympathetic input (for example in a heart about to be transplanted)
ST elevation on leads V1-V6 and no reciprocal ST depression are characteristic of myocardial infarction of the territory of which artery?
Transcending artery
Ventricular pressure rises without affecting atrial pressure because?
Atrioventricular valves close
What causes the ventricular and aortic pressure to be exactly equal?
Mitral valve stenosis causes increased pressure in the?
Left atrium
Pressure backup from this valvular insufficiency causes atrial fibrillation in the neck and ascites.
tricuspid valve regurgitation
What are the characteristics of congested heart failure are reversed by diuretics?
Lungs that are filled with fluid are?
Pulmonary Edema
Kerley B lines are a characteristic of which disease process?
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
What are the possible results of persistent hypertension? (conditions)
About half the cases of pulmonary hypertension are due to?
Left-sided heart failure
What type of organism is most common cause of endocarditis after a recent dental procedure?
Viridans-type streptococci
What four features make up a tetralogy of Fallot
The aortic valve is enlarged and emerges from both ventricles
Pulmonary Stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Ventricular septal defect
What is the approximate incidence of atrial septal defect?
13 in 10,000 (0.13%)
What structures are usually abnormal in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (There are three)?
Aortic valve
Left ventricle
mitral valve (tricuspid valve)
In pulmonary atresia what valve does not form at all?
Pulmonary
When fluid builds up in the space between the parietal and serous layers of the pericardium increasing the pressure of the atrium and keeping it from filling with blood this condition is called?
Cardiac tamponade
What are the risk factors for an abdominal aortic aneurysm?
What is the approximate valve for atrial filling pressure?
10 mm Hg
What layer of the heart tissue includes the valves?
endocardium
