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HBIO > NERVOUS > Flashcards

NERVOUS Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of a reflex arc

A

Rapid
Stereotyped
Involuntary/automatic
Require stimulus

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2
Q

Functional neuron types

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneuron

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3
Q

Structural neuron types

A

Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
Pseudounipolar

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4
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of connective tissue

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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5
Q

Dura mater

A

Outer layer of meninges

Tough + fibrous
Close on skull + loose in vertebral

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6
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle layer of meninges

loose fibre mesh

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7
Q

Pia mater

A

Inner layer of meninges

Delicate, many blood vessels, surrounds convolutions, + close on skull + spinal cord surface

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8
Q

Basal ganglia

A

additional grey matter
groups of nerve cell bodies
deep inside
control of skeletal muscles, initiates desired/ inhibits unwanted movement

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9
Q

How is CNS protected?

A

bone, meninges, + cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear, watery fluid
contains few cells + glucose, protein, urea, + salts
between arachnoid + pia mater

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11
Q

Functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

protection
support
transport

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12
Q

gyri

A

convolutions
rounded ridges

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13
Q

sulci

A

shallow downfolds

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14
Q

fissures

A

deep downfolds

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15
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

deepest
separates cerebrum into hemispheres

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16
Q

Corpus callosum

A

wide bundle/band of transverse fibres
white matter
joins hemispheres

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17
Q

frontal lobe

A

thinking, problem solving, language, personality

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18
Q

parietal lobe

A

temp., touch, taste, pain, movement

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19
Q

temporal lobe

A

memory processing, link to senses, auditory info

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20
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

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21
Q

insula

A

recognition of senses + emotions, addiction, + psychiatric disorders

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22
Q

cerebral cortex

A

mental activities, perception of senses, + initiation + control of voluntary movement

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23
Q

functional areas of cortex

A

sensory
motor
association

24
Q

sensory area of cortex

A

interprets impulses from receptors

25
Q

motor area of cortex

A

muscular movements

26
Q

association area of cortex

A

intellectual + emotional process, + memory- pathways of nerve cells, new links made/modified

27
Q

hemispheres

A

Left- Language
right- creative

28
Q

ganglia

A

nerve cell body groups

29
Q

Types of nerves

A

cranial
spinal

30
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs
optic + auditory
mixed (contains sensory + motor fibres)
only few carry only 1

31
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
all mixed nerves
joined to spinal cord by dorsal + ventral roots

32
Q

dorsal root

A

axons of sensory
cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion

33
Q

ventral root

A

axons of motor
cell bodies in spinal grey matter

34
Q

membrane potential

A

dif. in concentrations of ions between inside + outside cell membrane

35
Q

resting membrane potential

A

mem. potential of unstim. neurons
-70 mV

36
Q

leakage channels

A

open all time

37
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

active transport
carrier protein
2 K+ in for every 3 Na+ oit

38
Q

voltage-gated channels

A

open when nerve stimulated

39
Q

action potential

A

rapid depolar + repolarisation of cell membrane

40
Q

Receptor types

A

thermo
osmo
chemo
touch/mechano
pain

41
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to heat + cold
peripheral- sensitive to heat or cold- not both
core temp. controlled by hyp. thermoreceptors
in skin- inform hyp. + cerebrum of temp. outside body

42
Q

osmoreceptors

A

osmotic pressure determined by substance conc. in blood plasma
stim. hypothalamus so water content maintained

43
Q

chemoreceptors

A

stim. by particular chemicals
smell + taste
internal- body fluid composition
blood vessels- blood pH

44
Q

touch receptors

A

in skin
some close to surface + sensitive (lips, fingertips, eyelids) + hair follicle
adapt rapidly so only aware for short time

45
Q

pain receptors

A

stim. by damage to tissues
in skin, mucous membranes, + organs- not in brain
adapt little/not at all as long as stimulus present

46
Q

reflex

A

rapid, automatic response to change in environment
involves 2-3 neurons

47
Q

reflex arc

A

nerve pathway taken from receptor to effector

48
Q

innate reflexes

A

determined genetically

Eg: chewing, eyes following movement

49
Q

learnt/acquired reflexes

A

learnt complex motor patterns

Eg: balance riding a bike, catching a ball

50
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

abnormal proteins built inside neurons

51
Q

amyloid plaques

A

abnormal proteins built between neurons

52
Q

potency

A

potential capacity of stem cells to differentiate into dif. types of specialised cells

53
Q

induced pluripotent

A

mature somatic cells mimic embryonic stem cells

54
Q

stem cells

A

cells from which other cell types can develop

55
Q

Tracts in white matter

A

connects areas of cortex within same hemisphere
carry impulses between hemispheres
connect cortex to other parts of brain/spinal

56
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Myelinated conduction
impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier as ions cannot go across membrane
fast
action pot. cannot go where myelin is

57
Q

Central canal

A

H shaped grey matter in vertebral canal

HBIO (12 decks)

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