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HBIO > HOMEOSTASIS > Flashcards

HOMEOSTASIS Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

process of keeping the environment inside the body fairly constant
steady state with dynamic equilibrium

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2
Q

What does homeostasis regulate?

A

core body temp
blood pressure
O2 + CO2 blood conc.
metabolic waste
glucose conc.
pH + fluid conc.

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3
Q

Feedback system

A

circular system in which body responds to a change/stimulus

response alters original stimulus + provides feedback

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

change in environment that causes system to operate

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5
Q

Receptor

A

detects change

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6
Q

Modulator

A

Control centre responsible for processing info received from receptor + sends to effector by medulla/hyp.

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7
Q

Effector

A

Carries out response counteracting/enhancing effect of stimulus

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8
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms

A

Controlled by nervous + endocrine
systems detect when body begins to deviate from balanced state
Nervous- messages to appropriate organs so change counteracted
Endocrine- hormones secreted into blood

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9
Q

Negative feedback

A

Response of homeostatic mechanisms that has effect of reducing/eliminating stimulus that caused it

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10
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Systems fluctuate around a normal level/set point with tolerance limits

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11
Q

Tolerance limits

A

upper + lower limits between which levels fluctuate
dysfunctions occur if levels exceeded

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12
Q

Positive feedback

A

response to stimulus which reinforces/intensifies it

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13
Q

Cellular respiration

A

O2 + glucose = CO2 + H2O + energy

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14
Q

Islets of Langerhans hormones

A

Alpha- glucagon
Beta- insulin

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15
Q

Glucogen + BGL

A

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis

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16
Q

Insulin + BGL

A

glycogenesis
lipogenesis
protein synthesis

17
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose > glycogen

18
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Lipids/proteins > glucose

19
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen > glucose

20
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown of lipids

21
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Carbs > lipids

22
Q

Inspiration

A

impulses to respiratory muscles + contraction
inc. chest cavity vol.
lungs inflate as pressure inside lower than outside

23
Q

Expiration

A

lung stretch receptors stim.
impulses via vagus nerve to expiratory centre

24
Q

Thermoregulation receptors

A

Central thermoreceptors- hyp
Peripheral- skin

25
Q

Glugagon

A

inc BGL by stim of

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
protein breakdown

26
Q

Insulin

A

dec BGL by

inc uptake of glucose by cells
glycogenesis
protein synthesis
lipogenesis

27
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

adrenaline + noradrenaline
inc glucose by glycogenolysis
lactic acid production from glycogen in muscle cells + used by liver to make glucose

28
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

produces cortisol + aldosterone
regulates metabolism + stims glycogenolysis

29
Q

Blood gas conc. receptors

A

central- medulla oblongata
peripheral- carotid + aortic bodies (arteries)

30
Q

Synthetic hormones

A

artificial hormones made in lab using recombinant DNA technology

31
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

artificially changing DNA
produces genetically modified organism

32
Q

How does recom. DNA technology work

A

segments of DNA containing required gene from particular organism isolated + transferred to other organism

33
Q

Applications of DNA technology

A

vaccines
protein production
gene replacement therapy

34
Q

DNA enzymes

A

ligases
restriction enzymes

35
Q

Ligases

A

join recombinant DNA fragments through annealing

36
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

finds DNA sequence with shape that matches recognition site + wraps around to cause a break in both DNA strands- sticky end
sticky end can join complimentary stands of DNA from other source, or blunt end-
no overhang but cut in a way so it can join to any other blunt end

37
Q

Annealing

A

sticky ends join by base pairing + usually form a linear/circular molecule like a recombinant DNA plasmid

38
Q

Recombinant DNA plasmid

A

DNA fragments joined by ligase

HBIO (12 decks)

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