EVIDENCE

Question 1

Biotechnology

Answer 1

field of biology
use of living things to create new products for industry/agriculture/medicine/food science

Question 2

Olden day biotechnology

Answer 2

animal/crop artificial selection

eg: yeast for bread
wine/beer
bacteria for cheese + yoghurt

Question 3

Identification of evolutionary relationships

Answer 3

how recent common ancestor was
between individuals of same/dif. species

via

PCR
DNA sequencing
DNA profiling

Question 4

Identification of hereditary diseases

Answer 4

via
PCR
DNA sequencing (no details)
Gene probes (not part of syllabus)
DNA profiling

Question 5

PCR 3 steps

Answer 5

denaturing
hybridisation
synthesis

Question 6

Biological materials used for DNA profiling

Answer 6

blood
hair
saliva
semen
body tissue cells

Question 7

What does modern biotechnology include

Answer 7

identification of evolutionary relationships
id. of hereditary diseases
human protein/hormone/vaccine production
treatment of genetic disorders
repair/replacement of injured tissues

Question 8

Human protein/hormone/vaccine production

Answer 8

via recombinant DNA techniques

Question 9

Treatment of genetic disorders

Answer 9

via gene therapy

Question 10

Repair/replacement of injured tissues

Answer 10

via cell-replacement therapy + tissue engineering

Question 11

Human genome project

Answer 11

1990-1993
mapped locations of all genes on all 46 chromosomes in the human genome

allowed scientists to locate genes involved in human diseases, understand better + come up with treatments/cures
better understanding of some forms of cancer
better understanding of hereditary diseases

Question 12

Comparative biochemistry

Answer 12

comparing genomes of dif. species to study evolutionary changes among organisms

identify genes that are preserved among species + genes that give organisms their unique characteristics

info obtained via genome projects (eg: HGP)

Question 13

Genomic features in comparative biochem

Answer 13

DNA sequence
genes
gene order
regulatory sequences + others

Question 14

Bioinformatics

Answer 14

combination of bio science, computer science, statistics, + applied maths to help understand biological processes

used to trace ev. by measuring changes in DNA

Question 15

How do bioinformatics work

Answer 15

computers recognise certain start + stop sequences in genome + mark genes- makes comparisons between species easier

Question 16

DNA hybridisation

Answer 16

single strand from 2 species joined together
degree to which they complimentary base pair indicates how closely related they are
more DNA matches = more closely related DNA is

Question 17

Karotypes

Answer 17

comparison of chromosomes between species

banding on similar chromosomes is compared

Question 18

Endogenous retrovirus

Answer 18

viral non-coding sequence that has become part of the organism’s genome due to reverse transcription

inherited by subsequent generations

comparison of position + type help trace ancestral lines + provides evidence for evolution

Question 19

mtDNA

Answer 19

circle of 37 genes

24-code for making tRNA (for protein synthesis)
13- for enzymes in cellular respiration

passed from mother to child

easy to find/extract/analyse

Question 20

mtDNA for ev. evidence

Answer 20

higher rate of mutation than nuclear DNA
amount of mutation roughly proportional to time passed
siblings = mtDNA identical
ancestor lived long ago = mtDNA very dif.
migration routes of ancient peoples traced