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HBIO > IMMUNE > Flashcards

IMMUNE Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

part/all of body does not function properly due to an infection/injury/metabolic problem

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2
Q

Infectious

A

communicable
passed from person to person
results from foreign organisms invading body + multiplying
caused by pathogens

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3
Q

Contagious

A

passed from 1 person to another

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4
Q

Pathogens

A

foreign disease-causing organisms
bacteria/fungi/protozoa/worms/flukes or viruses/prions

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5
Q

Prion

A

type of protein that can trigger normal proteins to fold abnormally
spread through infected meat products

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6
Q

Bacteria

A

diverse group of unicellular organisms, prokaryotic
can be grown on nutrient agar gel in a petri dish + stained + seen via a light microscope- Gram stain test
reproduce asexually by cell div/binary fission + produce large numbers in short time
illnesses can be treated with antibiotics
produces disease through toxins + allergic reactions to products of bacterium

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7
Q

Bacteria structure

A

rigid cell wall, surrounded by slime layer
no nucleus, + DNA floats freely in cytoplasm/ in the form of circular plasmids
ribosomes give granular appearance + no membrane bound organelles

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8
Q

Toxins

A

substances produced by bacteria

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9
Q

Bacterial diseases

A

tetanus
pneumonia
plaque
leprosy
food poisoning
typhus

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10
Q

Viruses

A

seen only with electron microscope
non-cellular
only reproduce inside a living host cell
not treated with antibiotics

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11
Q

Types of pathogens

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

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12
Q

Virus structure

A

core of DNA/RNA surrounded by protein coat
DNA or RNA- not both

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13
Q

Virus shapes

A

helical
polyhedral
complex

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14
Q

How do viruses work

A

virus protein binds to receptor proteins on membrane of host cell
inject genetic material into host cell
viral genes expressed
host cell bursts + releases hundreds of new viruses which leave host cell + go infect other cells

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15
Q

Bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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16
Q

Viral disease examples

A

chicken pox
HIV
rabies
yellow fever
common cold

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17
Q

Protozoa

A

diverse group of microscopic, unicellular animals
larger + more complex than bacteria
have nucleus + organelles
cause malaria + sleeping sickness

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18
Q

Fungi

A

cause treatable diseases
ringworm, thrush

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19
Q

Parasites

A

organisms that live on/in another host + get food + shelter
minor/severe harm depending on nature of relationship

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20
Q

Ways diseases are transmitted

A

contact
body fluids
droplets
ingestion
airborne
vectors

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21
Q

Transfer by contact

A

by directly touching infected person / indirectly touching something an affected person has touched
Eg: STI’s

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22
Q

Transfer by body fluids

A

pathogens transferred by body fluids
Eg: blood, semen to mucous membrane
/
into blood stream from an infected person through a break in skin/needle stick injury
Eg: HIV, hepatitis B + C

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23
Q

Transfer by droplets

A

small droplets containing pathogenic organisms emitted through breathing/talking/sneezing/coughing
another person may breathe in droplets/ they settle on food/cutlery to be ingested later
Eg: viral infections like flu/colds

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24
Q

Transfer by ingestion

A

contaminated food + drink
Eg: dysentery, typhoid fever, salmonella

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25
Q

Transfer by airborne transmission

A

droplets evaporate viruses + some bacteria remain viable for a period of time
cause infection when inhales
coughing/sneezing releases millions of microbes in droplets of mucus/saliva
particles can remain in air for some time + travel long distances

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26
Q

Transfer by vectors

A

living organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another
pathogen can complete part of its live cycle in the vector
by other animals like insects/ticks/mites
some do direct transfer- Eg: mosquitoes transferring malarial parasite

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27
Q

Zoonotic infections

A

pathogens transferred from other animals to humans
Eg: avian bird flu

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28
Q

Surface barriers- eyes

A

protected by lysozyme in tears
blinking reflex
flushing action of tears

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28
Q

Non-specific disease responses

A

Barriers on the surface- physical (skin/mucous membrane) + chemical (lysozyme/acid) +
Defense inside body- lymphatic system, inflammation + fever, + protective reflexes (vomiting/diarrhoea)

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29
Q

Surface barriers- respiratory system

A

mucous lining of nasal cavity + airways
lysozyme in nasal fluids
cilia in nose + trachea moves mucous towards throat to be coughed up/swallowed

30
Q

Surface barriers- urogenital system

A

flushing action of urine
thick lining of vagina
acidic environment

31
Q

Surface barriers- ears

A

protected by ear wax (cerumen)- prevents foreign bodies from entry
contains lysozyme + is slightly acidic

32
Q

Surface barriers- skin provioles

A

provides mechanical barrier
shedding of dead cells
acidic environment from bacteria that normally live on skin
lysozyme in sweat
anti-bacteria sebum is oily secretion

33
Q

Surface barriers- digestive system

A

lysozyme in saliva
HCl in stomach

34
Q

2nd defense inside body- Protective reflexes

A

sneezing
coughing
vomiting
diarrhoea

35
Q

sneezing

A

forceful expulsion of air carries mucous/foreign particles/irritating gases out through nose + mouth

36
Q

coughing

A

air forced from lungs to remove irritant in lower respiratory tract/ air forced up trachea to throat + mouth

37
Q

diarrhoea

A

irritation of small intestines by pathogens inc. contractions of muscles in walls of intestines so material does not stay in intestines long enough for bacteria to infect person

38
Q

vomiting

A

contraction of muscles of abdomen + diaphragm expels stomach contents which may contain pathogens

39
Q

2nd Defense inside body- Lymphatic system

A

pathogens that survive inflammation carried with tissue fluid to lymphatic system
when in lymphatic vessels, pathogens move with lymph fluid into lymph nodes- act as filter + pathogens trapped in fibrous mesh

40
Q

2nd Defense inside body- Inflammation + fever

A

Phagocytosis

41
Q

Phagocytosis

A

specialised WBC’s/leukocytes engulf + digest micro-organisms + cell debris- eliminates pathogens before an infection has a chance to take hold
internal + non-specific

42
Q

Phagocytosis process

A

phagocyte detects antigen by chemicals given off + sticks antigen to its surface
engulfs antigen
phagosome forms + encloses antigen in a membrane
phagosome fuses with lysosomes containing enzymes that digest antigen
antigens broken down
indigestible material removed by exocytosis
peptide portions of antigen displayed on phagocyte surface

43
Q

1st line of defense

A

eyes
respiratory system
urogenital system
ears
skin
digestive system

44
Q

Eosinophils

A

produce toxic proteins against certain parasites

45
Q

Basophils

A

release heparin + histamine which promote inflammation

46
Q

Neutrophils + monocytes

A

engulf + destroy foreign material

47
Q

Inflammation

A

2nd line of defense
damage to tissues caused by physical agents/microbial infection/chemical agents

48
Q

Benefits of inflammation

A

destroy cause of infection + remove it
limits effects on body by confining infection to small area
repair/replace damaged tissue by improving blood flow
stop from moving

49
Q

symptoms of inflammation

A

pain
redness
heat
swelling

50
Q

Stages of inflammation

A

when body infected/injured, complex chemical response initiated
several compounds released in affected area + have specific outcomes
histamine + heparin

51
Q

Histamine

A

released by mast cells- WBC”s
causes local dilation blood vessels + mucous secretion

52
Q

Heparin

A

released by mast cells
prevents clotting in immediate area

53
Q

Inflammatory response

A

dilation of blood vessels in affected area
inc permeability of capillaries + allows plasma to leak into surrounding tissue + surrounding leucocytes to access area more easily
results in symptoms + chemotaxis

54
Q

Chemotaxis

A

phagocytes attracted to affected area

55
Q

Fever

A

AKA pyrexia
body temp above 37
caused by bacterial/viral infections

56
Q

Fever benefits

A

intensifies effect of interferons
inc production of T cells
speeds up metabolism + help with tissue repair
inc heart rate so WBC delivered to sites of infection quicker

57
Q

Interferons

A

antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication

58
Q

Cause of fever

A

infection by viruses/bacteria from pathogen/toxins, macrophage ingests a pathogen
macrophages ingest bacterium + destroy it in a vacuole, release endotoxins, macrophage induced to produce Interleukin 1
thermostat reset as interleukin induces hyp to inc production of prostaglandins, resets body temp to higher near 40 + produces a fever

59
Q

Stages of fever

A

fever onset
chill phase
crisis phase

60
Q

fever onset

A

body responds to new thermostat by inc body temp by vasoconstriction, inc metabolism, + shivering

61
Q

chill phase

A

body temp rising above normal but skin remains cold + shivering occurs
when thermostat reached, chill disappears

62
Q

crisis phase

A

body temp remains high until interleukin 1 has been eliminated
infection subsides + thermostat reset to 37
heat losing mechanisms cause person to feel warm

63
Q

Antigen

A

substance recognised by immune system
initiates immune response

64
Q

Antibody

A

globular proteins produced + secreted by plasma cells + interact with specific antigens
variable portion allows antibody to to recognise matching antigen + forms antigen-antibody complex
AKA immunoglobulins, immobilise foreign cells that they come into contact with via agglutination

65
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

recognise + respond to non-self antigens entering body
include dendric cells/macrophages/undifferentiated B-cells

66
Q

How do antigen presenting cells work

A

bacterium engulfed by macrophage encased in vacuole
lysosomes fuse with vacuole + digest bacterium
antigens from digested bacterium presented on cell surface

67
Q

How do antibodies work

A

inactivate by blocking active sites so can’t bind to tissue receptors
cause bacteria/virus agglutination
makes substances insoluble - precipitation, to be engulfed by phagocyte

68
Q

Immunity

A

resistance to infection by invading microorganisms
by memory cells
without human intervention

69
Q

Vaccine

A

antigens injected into body
suspension of microorganisms which protects people from disease by inducing immunity
against bacteria + viruses

70
Q

Immunisation

A

response of immune system to the vaccine antigen

71
Q

Subunit vaccines

A

part/product of microorganisms that can produce an immune response

72
Q

Whole agent vaccines

A

complete microorganisms that are nonvirulent
live attenuated or dead

73
Q

Nonvirulent

A

not capable of causing disease

HBIO (12 decks)

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