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3rd/4th Form Biology > Nerves and Sensitivity > Flashcards

Nerves and Sensitivity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two organ systems an animal has?

A

Nervous system, and the endocrine (hormone) system

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2
Q

What is the name for plants responding to the environment?

A

Tropism

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3
Q

Define ‘stimulus’

A

The change in the surroundings

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4
Q

Define ‘receptor’

A

The organ that detects the change in the environment

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5
Q

Define ‘effector’

A

The muscles that respond to the change in the environment

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6
Q

What makes the link between the stimulus and the response?

A

The nervous system

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7
Q

What does the eye receptor change into nerve impulses?

A

Light

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8
Q

What does the ear receptor change into nerve impulses?

A

Sound

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9
Q

What does the tongue receptor change into nerve impulses?

A

Chemical

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10
Q

What does the nose receptor change into nerve impulses?

A

Chemical

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11
Q

What does the skin (touch receptors) change into nerve impulses?

A

Pressure

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12
Q

What does the skin (temperature receptors) change into nerve impulses?

A

Heat

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13
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of, and what does it do?

A

Brain and the spinal cord

Coordinates nervous responses

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14
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

All the nerves that send impulses to the effectors

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15
Q

What are the three types of neurones?

A

Sensory neurone, relay neurone & motor neurone

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16
Q

Which neurone passes impulses from the receptors to the brain and spinal cord (CNS)?

A

Sensory neurone

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17
Q

Which neurone receives impulses from the sensory neurones in the CNS?

A

Relay neurone

18
Q

Which neurone passes impulses to the effectors from the CNS?

A

Motor neurone

19
Q

What type of impulses are carried along the neurones, from receptors, to CNS, to effectors?

A

Electrical signals/impulses

20
Q

Define ‘nucleus’

A

Contains all the genetic information of a cell

21
Q

Define ‘dendrite’

A

Tree like projections connecting many different neurones

22
Q

Define ‘cell body’

A

The main section of the cell, containing the nucleus

23
Q

Define ‘axon’

A

Carries the electrical impulses

24
Q

Define ‘myelin sheath’

A

Insulates the axon, and speeds up transmission of impulses

25
Q

Define ‘reflexes’

A

Automated actions not involving the brain, but still involving the three neurones - sensory, relay & motor

26
Q

What is the movement of an impulse between the receptor and the effector?

A

Reflex arc

27
Q

Describe the reflex arc with this example: you touch a hot surface

A

1) Receptor (skin - temperature) detects the stimulus change (hot surface), and sends an electrical impulse along the sensory neurone
2) Sensory neurone passes electrical impulse along the spinal cord to a relay neurone, through a synapse, which then passes the electrical impulse to a motor neurone, through a synapse
3) Motor neurone causes the effector (arm muscles) to contract, moving your arm away from the stimulus (hot surface)

28
Q

Describe the reflex arc with this example: a ball is thrown at you

A

1) Receptor (eye) detects the stimulus change (ball approaching), and sends an electrical impulse along the sensory neurone
2) Sensory neurone passes electrical impulse along the spinal cord to a relay neurone, through a synapse, which then passes the electrical impulse to a motor neurone, through a synapse
3) Motor neurone causes the effector (arm muscles) to contract, moving your arm to catch the stimulus (ball)

29
Q

Define ‘synapse’

A

The gap between the neurones

30
Q

Describe the iris reflex for dim light

A

1) Receptor (eye) detects the stimulus change (light dimming), and sends an electrical impulse along the sensory neurone
2) Sensory neurone passes electrical impulse along the spinal cord to a relay neurone, through a synapse, which then passes the electrical impulse to a motor neurone, through a synapse
3) Motor neurone causes the effectors (radial muscles and circular muscles in the iris) to contract and relax, respectively, shrinking your iris to allow more light into your eye

31
Q

Describe the iris reflex for bright light

A

1) Receptor (eye) detects the stimulus change (light brightening), and sends an electrical impulse along the sensory neurone
2) Sensory neurone passes electrical impulse along the spinal cord to a relay neurone, through a synapse, which then passes the electrical impulse to a motor neurone, through a synapse
3) Motor neurone causes the effectors (radial muscles and circular muscles in the iris) to relax and contract, respectively, enlarging your iris to allow less light into your eye

32
Q

Define ‘cornea’

A

The curved disk in front of your eye, which does most of the focusing

33
Q

Define ‘pupil’

A

A circular opening, whose size is controlled by the iris

34
Q

Define ‘iris’

A

A ring of muscles circling the pupil, controlling the amount of light entering the eye

35
Q

Define ‘lens’

A

A soft, flexible & transparent layer that fine tunes the focusing of light onto the retina

36
Q

Define ‘ciliary muscles’

A

A ring of muscles circling the iris, which control the thickness of the lens - when it contracts, the lens gets fatter, when it relaxes, the lens gets thinner

37
Q

Define ‘suspensory ligaments’

A

Strong fibres attaching the lens to the ciliary muscles

38
Q

Define ‘retina’

A

Contains light sensitive cells called rods and cones, and is where images are displayed (upside down)

39
Q

Define ‘optic nerve’

A

Consists of many neurones, which carry impulses from the retina to the brain

40
Q

Define ‘fovea’

A

The region of the retina with the greatest number of cones

41
Q

Define ‘conjunctive’

A

A mucous membrane covering the eye, to prevent infection

3rd/4th Form Biology (16 decks)

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