Immunity

Question 1

Define ‘disease’

Answer 1

A condition that prevents the body or part of the body from working properly, and are caused by pathogens entering the body and excreting toxins.

Question 2

What are the organisms that cause harm to our bodies called, and which parts of our body help to defend against them?

Answer 2

Microorganisms, defended by the skin and membranes

Question 3

When the barriers of the body become damaged, what takes over the defences against the pathogenic organisms?

Answer 3

White blood cells

Question 4

What are the two main types of white blood cells?

Answer 4

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

Question 5

Label the phagocyte

Answer 5

Question 6

Describe phagocytosis

Answer 6

Phagocyte detects a pathogen

Phagocyte engulfs the pathogen

The lysozyme containing enzymes move towards the pathogen

The enzymes break down the pathogen and useful materials are absorbed

Waste products are removed from the phagocyte

Question 7

What are the Y shaped antibodies produced by the lymphocytes called?

Answer 7

Antibodies

Question 8

What do antibodies attach to, and where are they?

Answer 8

Antigens, on the pathogens

Question 9

Define ‘immunity’

Answer 9

When lymphocytes allow organisms to buil up a protection against certain diseases

Question 10

Describe lymphocytosis

Answer 10

Lymphocytes detect pathogens

Lymphocytes release many different antibodies

The correct antibodies connect to the pathogen’s antigens

Pathogens end up either clumping together and dying, or the antibodies trigger phagocytosis, and some pathogens just burst

Question 11

What is the name for the specialised antibodies that combat toxins?

Answer 11

Anti-toxins

Question 12

Lymphocytes produce cells which produce antibodies very quickly, what are these cells called?

Answer 12

Memory cells

Question 13

What do lymphocytes produce to prevent the body from being infected by the same pathogen again, and how long can they last?

Answer 13

Memory cells, which can last a lifetime

Question 14

What do memory cells do?

Answer 14

When a pathogen is encoutered not for the first time the memoy cells produce antibodies for that specific pathogen a lot quicker, so we can’t be infected twice by the same pathogen, which is called being immune

Question 15

What does a vaccination do?

Answer 15

It’s an injection of a pathogen, which is either dead or only parts of one, and the lymphocytes produce antibodies and memory cells to remove the pathogen, and prevent any future infections by this pathogen, giving us immunity