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3rd/4th Form Biology > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

All cells are made up of a wide range of elements and compounds. The majority of the cell mass is made up of water and four groups of molecules, known as the biological molecules. What are they?

A

Biological molecules are carbohydrates proteins lipids (fats) and DNA, our genetic material

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates, proteins and lipids all made up of ?

A

Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). Proteins also contain nitrogen (N)

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3
Q

When we say that a molecule is an organic molecule, what does it contain?

A

A molecule that contains carbon is an organic molecule

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4
Q

What are carbohydrates composed?

A

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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5
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

A

The two types of carbohydrates are simple sugars and complex carbohydrates

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6
Q

What is soluble in water and sweet tasting?

A

Sugar is soluble in water and sweet tasting

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7
Q

What do we call single units of sugar and what do we call two molecules of sugar joined together?

A

Single units of sugar are called monosaccharides Two molecules joined together are called disaccharides

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8
Q

What type of carbohydrate is made of thousands of glucose molecules?

A

Complex carbohydrates are made of thousands of glucose modules

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9
Q

How are carbohydrates stored in animals, plants and plant cell walls?

A

Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in animals, starch in plants, and cellulose in plant cell walls

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10
Q

What are proteins composed of? Four things.

A

Proteins are composed of carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen

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11
Q

What are made up of many amino acid’s which are joined together? There are 20 different amino acids joined together in different combinations. This makes almost unlimited number of types this thing.

A

Proteins

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12
Q

Proteins have many functions or jobs. What types of molecules are collagen and keratin?

A

structural molecules

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13
Q

Proteins have many functions for jobs. What type of proteins controlled chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes

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14
Q

Proteins have many functions for jobs. What type of proteins are messenger molecules?

A

Hormones

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15
Q

What is the name of the type of proteins that combat disease?

A

antibodies

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16
Q

Proteins have many functions or jobs. What types of proteins help with transport around the body?

A

Haemoglobin and cell membrane proteins will help transport

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17
Q

Fats and oils are both types of what?

A

Lipids

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18
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

Lipids are composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen

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19
Q

What are 5 functions of lipids?

A

Energy storage

Thermal and electrical installation

Protection of organs

Making some hormones

And are an essential part of cell membranes

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20
Q

Lipids are all made up of two types of molecules, what are they?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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21
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids, which are solid at room temperature

Unsaturated acids, or oils, which are liquid at room temperature.

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22
Q

What is Benedict’s test for glucose?

A

Add 5 cm³ of benedicts solution to the liquid, then heat using a water bath at 60°C. If glucose is present, you will see a colour change from blue to brick red

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23
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Add 5 cm³ of ______ solution to the liquid, then heat using a water bath at 60°C. If ______ is present, you will see a colour change from blue to brick red

A

Benedict’s and glucose

24
Q

What is the iodine test for starch?

A

Add 2 to 5 drops of iodine solution, and if starch is present you will observe a colour change from brown to blue black

25
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Add 2 to 5 drops of ______ solution, and if ______ is present you will observe a colour change from brown to blue black

A

Iodine and starch

26
Q

What is the Biuret Reagent test for proteins?

A

The Biuret Regent test for proteins is Add 2 to 5 drops of Biuret Regent If protein is present you will observe a colour change from pale pink to purple

27
Q

What is this test called and what is it testing for?

Add 2 to 5 drops of ______ regent, and if ______ are present you will observe a colour change from pale pink to purple

A

Biuret and proteins

28
Q

What is the emulsion test for lipids?

A

the emulsion test for lipids is: Add 2 cm³ of ethanol to the substance Add the solution to a boiling tube of water If lipids are present a white ( milk like) emulsion will Form

29
Q

What is this test called and what is it testing for? Add 2 cm³ of ethanol to the substance Add the solution to a boiling tube of water If lipids are present a white ( milk like) emulsion will Form

A

the emulsion test for lipids?

30
Q

All the chemical reactions which occur in cells are controlled by a group of proteins. These are biological catalysts. What are they called?

A

Enzymes

31
Q

What do we call a chemical which increases the rate of reaction without being used up itself in the reaction?

A

A catalyst

32
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst is a chemical which increases the rate of reaction without being used up itself in the reaction

33
Q

What are the three steps that explain the way that The activities of a cell are controlled?

A

1) The nucleus contains genes 2) The genes control the production of enzymes 3) The enzymes catalyse the reactions in the cytoplasm. Everything which a cell does depends on which genes in its nucleus are working

34
Q

What do we call the substance or substances that the enzyme acts on?

A

Substrate

35
Q

What do we call substance for substances produced by the reaction?

A

Product

36
Q

What two types of reactions catalysed by enzymes have an increased rate?

A

Catabolic reactions, breaking down large molecules into smaller products, e.g. digestion Anabolic reactions, building large molecules from smaller substrates, e.g. DNA synthesis Enzymes can also function both intra cellular and extra cellular environments

37
Q

Do Enzymes function in intracellular for extracellular environments?

A

Both

38
Q

The shape of the enzyme is vital. The substrate fits the active site rather like what? What is the name of the theory

A

Lock and key theory

39
Q

What does the substrate bind to for a reaction?

A

The substrate binds to the active site

40
Q

For an enzyme which part has a specific shape which is complimentary to the shape of the substrate?

A

Active site

41
Q

When the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, a reaction can occur using less of what?

A

Less energy is needed for a reaction to occur , a lower activation energy. Without enzymes reactions would occur too slowly and organisms would die

42
Q

What do we call the type of energy that means that molecules are constantly moving around and colliding with each other ?

A

Kinetic energy

43
Q

For reactions with enzymes what happens when the temperature increases?

A

As temperature increases molecules have more energy. They move faster, more kinetic energy. If molecules are moving more quickly, they are more likely to collide with other molecules or with enzymes, collision theory. Normally a rise in temperature of 10° C makes the reaction work twice as fast

44
Q

What do we call the temperature when an enzyme will work at its fastest?

A

Optimum temperature

45
Q

What temperature will an enzyme becomes denatured?

A

High temperatures

46
Q

What happens to the enzyme when it becomes denatured at high temperatures.?.

A

The thermal energy alters the bonds holding the protein in its specific 3-D shape. The shape of the active site will change. As a result the active site will no longer be complimentary to the shape of the substrate molecule. The substrate cannot bind to the active straight and the reaction cannot occur. We say that the enzymes have been denatured

47
Q

What do we call the best pH for an enzyme to cause reactions?

A

optimum ph Most enzymes have an optimum pH of around seven.

48
Q

Pepsin has an unusual optimum pH what is it

A

Pepsin has an unusual optimum pH pepsin has an optimum pH of two. Pepsin is therefore specialised to work best in acidic conditions

49
Q

What happens to an enzyme in an extreme pH? What happens when it is too acidic or too alkaline?

A

Denatured

50
Q

What does the size of the surface area mean for the way that enzymes will catalyse reactions?

A

Enzymes will catalyse reactions more rapidly if the substrate has a larger surface area. This is because there is more of a substrate accessible to the enzyme and so more chance of a successful collision between substrate and an active site.

51
Q

What does Bile do in the small intestine?

A

In the small intestine bile emulsifies, breaks down, fat droplets. This increases the surface area and so increases the rate of fat digestion by lipases

52
Q

How does the concentration of substrate and enzymes affect the enzyme controlled reactions?

A

Enzyme controlled reaction will occur more rapidly if the concentration, amount in a given volume, of the substrate and/or the enzyme is increased. This is because there are more enzyme and substrate molecules and so there is more likely to be a successful collision between the substrate and active site.

53
Q

Label the diagram

A
54
Q

Fill in the table

A
55
Q

What happens to fat when in the small intestine and bile is produced?

A

3rd/4th Form Biology (16 decks)

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