Nature and Variety of Life Flashcards
What are the life processes all living things carry out?
Movement
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Homeostasis
Growth
Respiration
Excretion
Nutrition
What does MR H SNERG stand for?
Movement
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Sensitivity
Nutrition
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Define ‘Movement’
The ability to change location or positon
Define ‘Reproduction’
When a new organism is produced from ‘parents’ through sexual or asexual means
Define ‘Sensitivity’
The ability to detect and respond to changes in he environment (stimuli)
Define ‘Homeostasis’
The ability to control internal conditions
Define ‘Growth’
The increase in mass or volume of an organism
Define ‘Respiration’
How organisms release energy from their food
Define ‘Excretion’
How organisms get rid of waste produced by chemical reactions in cells
Define ‘Nutrition’
When organisms aquire the materials they need to carry out all of the other living processes
What are the two types of cell compositions organisms can be made up of?
Unicellular and multicellular
What are organ systems made up of?
Several different organs working together to carry out a function
What are organs made up of?
Several different tissues working together to carry out a function
What are tissues made up of?
A group of similar cells with the same function
What organs does the digestive system compose of?
Glands
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Large intestine
Define ‘Nucleus’
Contains chromosomes which carry the genetic material
Controls the activity of the cell (which proteins are made)
Define ‘Cytoplasm’
Where the chemical reactions take place
Define ‘Cell (surface) membrane’
Controls what enters and leaves the cell - permeable
Define ‘Chloroplast’
Absorbs light energy which is used to make glucose in the process of photosynthesis
Define ‘(large, permanent) Valcuole’
A membrane filled with cell sap, which stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other solutes
Define ‘Cell wall’
Gives structure and rigidity to the plant cell, helping it to keep its shape
Made of celluose
Label this diagram
Label this diagram
What is the difference between specialised cells and stem cells?
Stem cells are identical and have no specific task, whereas specialised cells develop from stem cells for a specialised task. There are many different types of specialised cells
What is the function/adaptation of a ciliated epithelium cell?
Moves mucus along surfaces, using long extensions (cilia) coming from the cell membrane
What is the function/adaptation of a sperm cell?
Contains half the normal number of chromosomes in the nucleus. Long tail for swimming (flagella). Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for swimming are found between the head and the tail.
What is the function/adaptation of a red blood cell?
Does not contain a nucleus to provide more room for haemoglobin to carry oxygen. Biconcave disc shape allows flexibility for moving through narrow blood vessels, and increased surface area for gas exchange.
What is the function/adaptation of a white blood cell?
Has a nucleus. Some can change shape to move between other cells or engulf foreign objects to digest them, defending against disease.
What is the function/adaptation of a nerve cell?
They are very long so that they can carry electrical impulses long distances throughout the body. Branched ends (dendrites) allow many connections to other cells.
What is the function/adaptation of a muscle cell?
Thet are long so that they can contract further. Many mitochondria help to release energy needed for contraction.
What is the function/adaptation of a palisade cell?
They have many chloroplasts to trap light energy. The cell wall and cytoplasm are transparant to transmit light. The oblong shape allows many cells to be packed closely together.
What is the function/adaptation of a root hair cell?
The shape increases surface area for absorbtion of water and minerals. No chloroplasts or storage structure. Mitochondria are present for active transport of minerals.
What are the kingdoms of life?
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protoctista/Protoctists
Bacteria
(Viruses)
Define ‘Pathogen’
An organism that causes harm or disease.
Give three examples of a plant
Cereals
Legumes
Beans
Maize
Peas
Trees
Herbs
Moss
Give three examples of an animal
Human
Insect
Reptile
Give three examples of a fungi
Mucor
Yeast
Trichophyton
Mildew
Mold
Mushrooms
Give two examples of a protoctista
Plasmodium
Chlorella
Give two examples of a bacteria
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Pneumococcus
E. coli
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Give two examples of a virus
Tobacco mosaic virus
Influenza virus
HIV
Are plants multicellular or unicellular organisms?
Muticellular
Do plants contain chloroplasts?
Yes
Are plants autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Autotrophic - carry out photosynthesis to make their own nutrients
Do plants have cell walls, and if so, what are they made of?
Yes plants have a cell wall made of cellulose
How do plants store carbohydrates?
As starch or sucrose
Are animals multicellular or unicellular organisms?
Multicellular
Do animals contain chloroplasts?
No, so they don’t photosynthesise
Are animals autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Heterotrophic - consume other organisms to obtain nutrients
Do animals have cell walls, and if so, what are they made of?
No
How do animals store carbohydrates?
Often as glycogen
State two other factors of animals
Are able to move from one place to another
Usually have nervous coordination
Are fungi multicellular or unicellular organisms?
Multi or unicellular
Do fungi contain chloroplasts?
No, so they don’t photosynthesise
Are fungi autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Heterotrophic - feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material, and the absorption of the organic products
Do fungi have cell walls, and if so, what are they made of?
Yes, made of chitin
How do fungi store carbohydrates?
Sometimes as glycogen
Are protoctista multicellular or unicellular organisms?
Unicellular
Are protoctista autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Some are heterotrophic - these have features resembling animal cells
Some are autotrophic - these have features resembling plant cells, chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls
Do protoctista have cell walls, and if so, what are they made of?
Only the autotrophic ones, made of cellulose
Are bacteria multicellular or unicellular organisms?
Unicellular
Do bacteria have cell walls, and if so, what are they made of?
Yes, made of polysaccharides and proteins
Are bacteria autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Some are autotrophic - carry out photosynthesis
Some are heterotrophic - feed off other living and dead organisms
State three other features of bacteria
The cells are much smaller than in other kingdoms
Some have another layor outside the cell wall, called the capsule/sime layer
Some can move using flagella
State what a bacteria cell composes off
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Large circular chromosome of DNA instead of a nucleus
Many circular loops of DNA called plasmids
What does a virus compose of, and how big is one?
Genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat, which is smaller than the cells of other kingdoms, and is not a cell.
Some viruses are surrounded by a membrane called an envelope
State three other features of a virus
They are parasetic and can only reproduce inside living cells
Different types infect organisms from all the other kingdoms
Wide variety of shape and sizes
Are plants pathogenic?
No
Are animals pathogenic?
No
Are fungi pathogenic?
Some are
Are protoctista pathogenic?
Some are
Are bacteria pathogenic?
Few are
Are viruses pathogenic?
Yes
