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3rd/4th Form Biology > Nature and Variety of Life > Flashcards

Nature and Variety of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the life processes all living things carry out?

A

Movement

Reproduction

Sensitivity

Homeostasis

Growth

Respiration

Excretion

Nutrition

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2
Q

What does MR H SNERG stand for?

A

Movement

Reproduction

Homeostasis

Sensitivity

Nutrition

Excretion

Reproduction

Growth

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3
Q

Define ‘Movement’

A

The ability to change location or positon

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4
Q

Define ‘Reproduction’

A

When a new organism is produced from ‘parents’ through sexual or asexual means

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5
Q

Define ‘Sensitivity’

A

The ability to detect and respond to changes in he environment (stimuli)

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6
Q

Define ‘Homeostasis’

A

The ability to control internal conditions

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7
Q

Define ‘Growth’

A

The increase in mass or volume of an organism

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8
Q

Define ‘Respiration’

A

How organisms release energy from their food

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9
Q

Define ‘Excretion’

A

How organisms get rid of waste produced by chemical reactions in cells

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10
Q

Define ‘Nutrition’

A

When organisms aquire the materials they need to carry out all of the other living processes

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11
Q

What are the two types of cell compositions organisms can be made up of?

A

Unicellular and multicellular

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12
Q

What are organ systems made up of?

A

Several different organs working together to carry out a function

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13
Q

What are organs made up of?

A

Several different tissues working together to carry out a function

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14
Q

What are tissues made up of?

A

A group of similar cells with the same function

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15
Q

What organs does the digestive system compose of?

A

Glands

Stomach

Small intestine

Liver

Large intestine

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16
Q

Define ‘Nucleus’

A

Contains chromosomes which carry the genetic material

Controls the activity of the cell (which proteins are made)

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17
Q

Define ‘Cytoplasm’

A

Where the chemical reactions take place

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18
Q

Define ‘Cell (surface) membrane’

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell - permeable

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19
Q

Define ‘Chloroplast’

A

Absorbs light energy which is used to make glucose in the process of photosynthesis

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20
Q

Define ‘(large, permanent) Valcuole’

A

A membrane filled with cell sap, which stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other solutes

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21
Q

Define ‘Cell wall’

A

Gives structure and rigidity to the plant cell, helping it to keep its shape

Made of celluose

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22
Q

Label this diagram

A
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23
Q

Label this diagram

A
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24
Q

What is the difference between specialised cells and stem cells?

A

Stem cells are identical and have no specific task, whereas specialised cells develop from stem cells for a specialised task. There are many different types of specialised cells

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25
Q

What is the function/adaptation of a ciliated epithelium cell?

A

Moves mucus along surfaces, using long extensions (cilia) coming from the cell membrane

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26
Q

What is the function/adaptation of a sperm cell?

A

Contains half the normal number of chromosomes in the nucleus. Long tail for swimming (flagella). Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for swimming are found between the head and the tail.

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27
Q

What is the function/adaptation of a red blood cell?

A

Does not contain a nucleus to provide more room for haemoglobin to carry oxygen. Biconcave disc shape allows flexibility for moving through narrow blood vessels, and increased surface area for gas exchange.

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28
Q

What is the function/adaptation of a white blood cell?

A

Has a nucleus. Some can change shape to move between other cells or engulf foreign objects to digest them, defending against disease.

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29
Q

What is the function/adaptation of a nerve cell?

A

They are very long so that they can carry electrical impulses long distances throughout the body. Branched ends (dendrites) allow many connections to other cells.

30
Q

What is the function/adaptation of a muscle cell?

A

Thet are long so that they can contract further. Many mitochondria help to release energy needed for contraction.

31
Q

What is the function/adaptation of a palisade cell?

A

They have many chloroplasts to trap light energy. The cell wall and cytoplasm are transparant to transmit light. The oblong shape allows many cells to be packed closely together.

32
Q

What is the function/adaptation of a root hair cell?

A

The shape increases surface area for absorbtion of water and minerals. No chloroplasts or storage structure. Mitochondria are present for active transport of minerals.

33
Q

What are the kingdoms of life?

A

Plants

Animals

Fungi

Protoctista/Protoctists

Bacteria

(Viruses)

34
Q

Define ‘Pathogen’

A

An organism that causes harm or disease.

35
Q

Give three examples of a plant

A

Cereals

Legumes

Beans

Maize

Peas

Trees

Herbs

Moss

36
Q

Give three examples of an animal

A

Human

Insect

Reptile

37
Q

Give three examples of a fungi

A

Mucor

Yeast

Trichophyton

Mildew

Mold

Mushrooms

38
Q

Give two examples of a protoctista

A

Plasmodium

Chlorella

39
Q

Give two examples of a bacteria

A

Lactobacillus bulgaricus

Pneumococcus

E. coli

Streptococcus

Staphylococcus

40
Q

Give two examples of a virus

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

Influenza virus

HIV

41
Q

Are plants multicellular or unicellular organisms?

A

Muticellular

42
Q

Do plants contain chloroplasts?

A

Yes

43
Q

Are plants autotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

Autotrophic - carry out photosynthesis to make their own nutrients

44
Q

Do plants have cell walls, and if so, what are they made of?

A

Yes plants have a cell wall made of cellulose

45
Q

How do plants store carbohydrates?

A

As starch or sucrose

46
Q

Are animals multicellular or unicellular organisms?

A

Multicellular

47
Q

Do animals contain chloroplasts?

A

No, so they don’t photosynthesise

48
Q

Are animals autotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

Heterotrophic - consume other organisms to obtain nutrients

49
Q

Do animals have cell walls, and if so, what are they made of?

A

No

50
Q

How do animals store carbohydrates?

A

Often as glycogen

51
Q

State two other factors of animals

A

Are able to move from one place to another

Usually have nervous coordination

52
Q

Are fungi multicellular or unicellular organisms?

A

Multi or unicellular

53
Q

Do fungi contain chloroplasts?

A

No, so they don’t photosynthesise

54
Q

Are fungi autotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

Heterotrophic - feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material, and the absorption of the organic products

55
Q

Do fungi have cell walls, and if so, what are they made of?

A

Yes, made of chitin

56
Q

How do fungi store carbohydrates?

A

Sometimes as glycogen

57
Q

Are protoctista multicellular or unicellular organisms?

A

Unicellular

58
Q

Are protoctista autotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

Some are heterotrophic - these have features resembling animal cells

Some are autotrophic - these have features resembling plant cells, chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls

59
Q

Do protoctista have cell walls, and if so, what are they made of?

A

Only the autotrophic ones, made of cellulose

60
Q

Are bacteria multicellular or unicellular organisms?

A

Unicellular

61
Q

Do bacteria have cell walls, and if so, what are they made of?

A

Yes, made of polysaccharides and proteins

62
Q

Are bacteria autotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

Some are autotrophic - carry out photosynthesis

Some are heterotrophic - feed off other living and dead organisms

63
Q

State three other features of bacteria

A

The cells are much smaller than in other kingdoms

Some have another layor outside the cell wall, called the capsule/sime layer

Some can move using flagella

64
Q

State what a bacteria cell composes off

A

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Large circular chromosome of DNA instead of a nucleus

Many circular loops of DNA called plasmids

65
Q

What does a virus compose of, and how big is one?

A

Genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat, which is smaller than the cells of other kingdoms, and is not a cell.

Some viruses are surrounded by a membrane called an envelope

66
Q

State three other features of a virus

A

They are parasetic and can only reproduce inside living cells

Different types infect organisms from all the other kingdoms

Wide variety of shape and sizes

67
Q

Are plants pathogenic?

A

No

68
Q

Are animals pathogenic?

A

No

69
Q

Are fungi pathogenic?

A

Some are

70
Q

Are protoctista pathogenic?

A

Some are

71
Q

Are bacteria pathogenic?

A

Few are

72
Q

Are viruses pathogenic?

A

Yes

3rd/4th Form Biology (16 decks)

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