Nerve Histology Flashcards
1
Q
brain and spinal cord
A
Central nervous system
2
Q
cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves
A
Peripheral nervous system
3
Q
Functions under conscious voluntary control
A
Somatic nervous system
4
Q
involuntary motor innervation
A
Autonomic nervous system
5
Q
3 categories of the autonomic nervous system
A
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
- Enteric
6
Q
convey information from receptors to the CNS
A
Sensory neurons
7
Q
senosry
Pain, temperature, touch, pressure from body surface
A
Somatic Afferent
8
Q
sensory
pain, temperature, touch, pressure from internal organs, mucous membranes, blood vessels, glands
A
Visceral afferent
9
Q
convey information from CNS to effector cells
A
Motor
10
Q
Motor
voluntary impulses to skeletal muscles
A
Somatic efferent
11
Q
Motor
involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, Purkinje fivers, gland
A
Visceral Efferent
12
Q
integration of information between sensory and motor (99.9% of neurons)
A
Interneurons
13
Q
One axon and 2 or more dendrites
A
Multipolar
14
Q
one axon and one dendrite
A
Bipolar
15
Q
one process most common is the one in sensory system. Cell body sits in dorsal root ganglion with one peripheral proceed in body surface detection pressure temp changes, etc.
A
Pseudounipolar
16
Q
outer most layer
A
Epineurium
17
Q
layer surrounding idv bundles of neurons
A
Perineurium
18
Q
layer surrounding idv bundles of neurons
A
Endoneurium
19
Q
_____ neuron is larger, vascular action potential.
A
Somatic Motor Neuron larger
20
Q
____ of neuron increase speed of action potential
A
Mylination
21
Q
FASTER with mylenation due to the fatty cell produce by ____ with little spaces in bwtn ineach allowing action potential to jump btwn each preventing constant repolarization and allowing fast traveling.
A
shwann cells
22
Q
Contains nucleus
A
Cell Body
23
Q
**ribosomes (stack of rER) heavly packed in neurons, **provide enzyme required for neurotransmitter production and cycling along with transporter protiens.
A
Nissl Bodies
24
Q
receive stimuli from other neurons or the external environment
* Characterized by spines which are involved in learning and memory formation
A
Dendrites
25
Dendrite pruning is indicative of what?
of learning a new pathway methodology etc.
26
**transmit stimuli** to other neurons or from CNS to effector cells (muscle, gland, etc.) take info from one area to another. **Pass info back and forth.**
Axons
27
**molecular motors directing transport from cell body down axon**
Transport vesicles full with neurotrasnmiters, along with mitchondira and other protiens
Kinesin and Dynein
28
from **cell body to axon** periphery (nucelus products out)
Anterograde transport
29
from **axon terminal to cell body**(used vesicles etc. in)
Retrograde transport
30
# Types of synapse
middle ground, a bit more influencial effect
Axosomatic
30
# Types of Synapse
synapse **on axon signal is strong.** Easy to have **huge effect**.
Axonomic
31
# Types of Synapse
**synapse far** from info originating site of action, synapse on dendrite, **little effect.**
Axodendritic
32
**Slow, progressive neurological disorder**
* Characterized by** loss of dopamine cells in substantia nigra and basal ganglia**
* These two areas are impotant for modulation of muscle movement, fine tune movements
Parkinson Disease
33
Resting tremor
Rigidity
Lack of spontaneous movement, (hard for them to get started),
Slurred speech, slowed thought cramped handwriting
Symptoms of parkinsons
34
cause is unknown,
Idiopathic PD
35
cause is encephalitis, toxins (destroy dopimne cells) , neuroleptics, repetitive trauma(ex. Football)
Secondary PD
36
impulse conduction is achieved by the **release of chemical** substances (neurotransmitters)
Chemical Synapse
37
**do not require neurotransmitters for function**
Synapses are gap junctions between cells directly connected.
Electical Synapse
38
contains synaptic vesicles. Area btwn 1&2
Pre-synaptic element
39
**space between neurons,** neurotransmitter released from neuron travel in between to area 2.
Synaptic Cleft
40
**reacts to neurotransmitters and bind** them with respective receptors. Once bound effects neuron; depends on function.
Post synaptic membrane
41
Excitatory pre-synaptic neuron
release AcH
42
Inhibitory neuron
releases Gabba
43
____ causes voltage-gated calcium (the key for passing info along through synaptic vessles) channels
Depolarization
44
ACh, glutamine, serotonin – open sodium channels causes depolarization and may **generate an action potential**
Excritory synapse
45
GABA, glycine – opens chloride channels (into cells, make more (-) ) causes** hyperpolarization and action potentials are harder to generate**
Inhibitory
46
open membrane ion channels Generally transient
Ionotropic receptors fast
47
**activate G-protein signaling cascades**
* Slow action
* Mostly modulation of neuronal activity
Metabotropic receptors
48
AcH can bind what receptors?
* Inotropic
* Metabotropic
49
look
50
Look dont go to in depth
51
one of neurotransmitter responsible for **conveying pain sensation into CNS**
Substance P
| metabotropic
52
endogenous opiates, produced in CNS and when released help **reduce sensation of pain.**
* Enkephalins
* β-endorphin
| metabotropic
53
3 metabotropic neurotranmitters
1. Substance P
2. Enkephalins
3. β-endorphin
54
How are neurotransmitters degraded?
Via enzumes
* Ach-ase
* Catecolamin-ase
All help stop action potential
55
What occurs if ACH builds up?
Contiunual muscle contraction; death
56
____ of NTs are transported back into the presynaptic neuron via **NT specific transport proteins **
80%
57
# Peripheral Neuroglia
**produce myelin sheath**
* wrapp around perioherl neurons
* block out production of action potential
Schwann Cells
58
# Peripheral Neuroglia
surround cell bodies in peripheral ganglia, control microenvironment around cell body
Satellite Cells
59
# Peripheral Neuroglia
help coordinate nervous and immune system function with the gut
Enteric Neuroglia
60
# Peripheral Neuroglia
found in retina
Mullers Cells
61
Each shwanna cell produces 1 myline sheath, **in bwtn each shwanna cell** is a ____ allow s for fast travling of smooth signal
Node of ranvier
62
Disease laking peripheral myleniation=
Choppy signal
63
**Still embedded in Schwann cells, just not tightly wrapped.**
* no increased speed of action potential
Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers
64
# Central Neuroglia
physical and metabolic support of neurons in CNS
Astrocytes
65
# Central Neuroglia
**myelin-forming cells of the CNS**
Oligodendrocytes
| 1 can form mylein around many dif neruons
66
# Central Neuroglia
**function as immune cells in CNS**
* smallest of neuroglial cells
Microglia
67
# Central Neuroglia
* Line the fluid filled cavities of the CNS
* **responsible for producing CSF + maintain composition**
* **Single layer of cuboidal collumna cells **
Ependymal cells
68
# Types of Astrocytes
found covering the brain, contribute to blood-brain barrier. **VERY branched.**
Protoplasmic
69
# Types of Astrocytes
found in the **inner core of the braine, fewer processes** than the other astrocytes
Fiborous
70
?
Ependymal Cells
71
were cell bodies are stored
Ganglia
72
# Sympathetic Ganglia
paravertebral) ganglia (the highest of these is the superior cervical ganglion)
Sympathetic trunk
| T1-L2
73
# Sympathetic Ganglia
**adjacent to origins of large unpaired branches** of abdominal aorta), including celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and aorticorenal ganglia
Prevertebral ganglia
74
# Sympathetic Ganglia
**which may be considered a modified sympathetic ganglion** (each of the secretory cells of the medulla, as well as the recognizable ganglion cells, is innervated by cholinergic presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers)
Adrenal Medulla
75
# Parasympathetic Ganglia (cranio-sacral ganglia)
What are the 4 head ganglia?
1. Cillialry ganglion (CN3)
2. Submandibular (CN7)
3. Ptergopalatine (CN7)
4. Otic (CN9)
76
# Parasympathetic Ganglia (cranio-sacral ganglia)
**near or in wall of organs,** including ganglia of the submucosal (Meissner’s GI ) and myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexuses of the gastrointestinal tract
Terminnal Ganglia
77
cell body is in CNS **(ventral horn **of sympathetic chain ) within CNS
Motor Neurons
78
**cell body is in ganglia which are next to CNS**
**Dorsal roots of spinal nerves**
Associated with CN V, VII, VIII, IX, and X sensory components
Sensory Neurons
79
# Peripheral Nerve Connective Tissue
loose connective tissue **surrounding each individual nerve fiber**, innermost
Endonuriuem
80
# Peripheral Nerve Connective Tissue
specialized connective tissue surrounding **each nerve fascicl(**collection of nerve fibers). Middle.
Perineurium
81
# Peripheral Nerve Connective Tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. **Outside covering of entire nerve.**
Epineurium
82
# Sensory Receptors
**react to stimuli from the external environment**
* Temperature, touch, smell, sound, vision
Externoreceptors
83
# Sensory Receptors
**react to stimuli from within the body**
* Stretch of the alimentary canal, bladder, blood vessels give info about stretch in blood vessels to contract or relax.
Enteroceptors
84
# Sensory receptors
**react to stimuli from within the body**
* Provide sensation of body position, muscle tone and movement. Walking etc.
Proprioceptors
85
Controls and regulates the body’s internal environment
Autonomic nervous system
86
3 divisions of the ANS
1. Sympathetic
2. Para
3. Enteric
87
# ANS
conscious control
Skeletal
88
# ANS
unconsoius control
Autonomic
89
# How many neurons?
From motor, spinal cord to skeletal muscle
* 1 neuron efferent to mylenated skeletal nerve
| ONE
90
# ANS
How many neurons for visceral ANS?
** 2 neurons. **
* 1st neuron from spinal cord into mylenated autonomic ganglion,
* 2nd umylenated neuron from ganglion to end goal
91
**presynaptic neurons are located in the thoracic and upper lumbar portions** of the spinal cord (thoracic lumbar cell bodies) but **autonomic ganglion chain are cervical through sacral**
Sympathetic
92
**Presynaptic neurons** are located in the brainstem and sacral spinal corad (**cranio-sacral)**
Parasympathetic
93
**vision, motor, sensory**.
Frontal portion is **higher though, cognition,** and info application
Cerebrum
94
responsible for **coordinated movment** and planning, + maintain sense of time
Cerebellum
95
keeping you alive, BP, HR, breathing
Brainstem
96
When people die from opiate overdose caused by depression of ____ stop breathing. Die of asphyxiation.
Repiratory cente; brainstem
97
Get info out.
Spinal cord
98
# brain
Outside, contains nerve cell bodies, **site of many synapses.** Sends to white matter. Start to run
Gray matter
99
# Brain
**axons of nerve cells**, associated glial cells, and blood vessels, received, run.
White matter
100
In the **spinal cord** where is white matter and grey matter?
* white matter on outside
* gray inside, butterflu shape
| Opposite of brain
101
Dorsal horn receives?
Sensory info
102
Ventral horn revieves?
Motor info
103
# Connective Tissue of the CNS
**outermost layer**
* Thick sheet of connective tissue, protective
Dura mater
104
# Connective Tissue of the CNS
*middle layer*
**Delicate sheet adjacent** to inner surface of dura mater
Arachnoid matter
105
# Connective Tissue of the CNS
where blood vessels are located and CSF.
Subarachnoid space
106
# Connective Tissue of the CNS
Innermost layer
**Directly on surface of brain and spinal cord
thin**
Pia Mater
107
* Complex tight junctions
* Endothelial basal lamina
* Astrocytes homeostasis of water
* Restrict passage of ions and substances to CNS grey/white matter
Blood Brain Barrier
108
Exlain PNS Response to injury
1. **Antrograde degeneratiron**of axon
2. *Shwann cells* recieve no GF, so they **undifferentiate** (can be reversed)
3. **Macrophages** come and clean
4. If injury not bad, **axon will regrown and shwanna cells will differnetite** and form bands.
109
Muscle without connection o spinal cord becomes ____ **due to lack of activation, and no growth factor secretion** by nerve cells to retain size of muscle.
atrophied
| Increased growth of axon will increase muscle .
110
Exlain CNS Response to injury
1. **Oligodendrictes apoptos** follwinf damage
2. **Loss of mylin sheefs **
3. **Microglial** come
4. **Astrocytes from wall**around injury
5. Injury results in**overal loss of neuron **
