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IHP 1001 > Nerve Histology > Flashcards

Nerve Histology Flashcards

1
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

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2
Q

cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves

A

Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

Functions under conscious voluntary control

A

Somatic nervous system

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4
Q

involuntary motor innervation

A

Autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

3 categories of the autonomic nervous system

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
  3. Enteric
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6
Q

convey information from receptors to the CNS

A

Sensory neurons

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7
Q

senosry

Pain, temperature, touch, pressure from body surface

A

Somatic Afferent

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8
Q

sensory

pain, temperature, touch, pressure from internal organs, mucous membranes, blood vessels, glands

A

Visceral afferent

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9
Q

convey information from CNS to effector cells

A

Motor

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10
Q

Motor

voluntary impulses to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic efferent

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11
Q

Motor

involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, Purkinje fivers, gland

A

Visceral Efferent

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12
Q

integration of information between sensory and motor (99.9% of neurons)

A

Interneurons

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13
Q

One axon and 2 or more dendrites

A

Multipolar

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14
Q

one axon and one dendrite

A

Bipolar

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15
Q

one process most common is the one in sensory system. Cell body sits in dorsal root ganglion with one peripheral proceed in body surface detection pressure temp changes, etc.

A

Pseudounipolar

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16
Q

outer most layer

A

Epineurium

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17
Q

layer surrounding idv bundles of neurons

A

Perineurium

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18
Q

layer surrounding idv bundles of neurons

A

Endoneurium

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19
Q

_____ neuron is larger, vascular action potential.

A

Somatic Motor Neuron larger

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20
Q

____ of neuron increase speed of action potential

A

Mylination

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21
Q

FASTER with mylenation due to the fatty cell produce by ____ with little spaces in bwtn ineach allowing action potential to jump btwn each preventing constant repolarization and allowing fast traveling.

A

shwann cells

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22
Q

Contains nucleus

A

Cell Body

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23
Q

**ribosomes (stack of rER) heavly packed in neurons, **provide enzyme required for neurotransmitter production and cycling along with transporter protiens.

A

Nissl Bodies

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24
Q

receive stimuli from other neurons or the external environment
* Characterized by spines which are involved in learning and memory formation

A

Dendrites

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25
Q

Dendrite pruning is indicative of what?

A

of learning a new pathway methodology etc.

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26
Q

transmit stimuli to other neurons or from CNS to effector cells (muscle, gland, etc.) take info from one area to another. Pass info back and forth.

A

Axons

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27
Q

molecular motors directing transport from cell body down axon

Transport vesicles full with neurotrasnmiters, along with mitchondira and other protiens

A

Kinesin and Dynein

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28
Q

from cell body to axon periphery (nucelus products out)

A

Anterograde transport

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29
Q

from axon terminal to cell body(used vesicles etc. in)

A

Retrograde transport

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30
Q

Types of synapse

middle ground, a bit more influencial effect

A

Axosomatic

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30
Q

Types of Synapse

synapse on axon signal is strong. Easy to have huge effect.

A

Axonomic

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31
Q

Types of Synapse

synapse far from info originating site of action, synapse on dendrite, little effect.

A

Axodendritic

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32
Q

Slow, progressive neurological disorder
* Characterized by** loss of dopamine cells in substantia nigra and basal ganglia**
* These two areas are impotant for modulation of muscle movement, fine tune movements

A

Parkinson Disease

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33
Q

Resting tremor
Rigidity
Lack of spontaneous movement, (hard for them to get started),
Slurred speech, slowed thought cramped handwriting

A

Symptoms of parkinsons

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34
Q

cause is unknown,

A

Idiopathic PD

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35
Q

cause is encephalitis, toxins (destroy dopimne cells) , neuroleptics, repetitive trauma(ex. Football)

A

Secondary PD

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36
Q

impulse conduction is achieved by the release of chemical substances (neurotransmitters)

A

Chemical Synapse

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37
Q

do not require neurotransmitters for function
Synapses are gap junctions between cells directly connected.

A

Electical Synapse

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38
Q

contains synaptic vesicles. Area btwn 1&2

A

Pre-synaptic element

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39
Q

space between neurons, neurotransmitter released from neuron travel in between to area 2.

A

Synaptic Cleft

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40
Q

reacts to neurotransmitters and bind them with respective receptors. Once bound effects neuron; depends on function.

A

Post synaptic membrane

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41
Q

Excitatory pre-synaptic neuron

A

release AcH

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42
Q

Inhibitory neuron

A

releases Gabba

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43
Q

____ causes voltage-gated calcium (the key for passing info along through synaptic vessles) channels

A

Depolarization

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44
Q

ACh, glutamine, serotonin – open sodium channels causes depolarization and may generate an action potential

A

Excritory synapse

45
Q

GABA, glycine – opens chloride channels (into cells, make more (-) ) causes** hyperpolarization and action potentials are harder to generate**

A

Inhibitory

46
Q

open membrane ion channels Generally transient

A

Ionotropic receptors fast

47
Q

activate G-protein signaling cascades
* Slow action
* Mostly modulation of neuronal activity

A

Metabotropic receptors

48
Q

AcH can bind what receptors?

A
  • Inotropic
  • Metabotropic
49
Q

look

A
50
Q

Look dont go to in depth

A
51
Q

one of neurotransmitter responsible for conveying pain sensation into CNS

A

Substance P

metabotropic

52
Q

endogenous opiates, produced in CNS and when released help reduce sensation of pain.

A
  • Enkephalins
  • β-endorphin

metabotropic

53
Q

3 metabotropic neurotranmitters

A
  1. Substance P
  2. Enkephalins
  3. β-endorphin
54
Q

How are neurotransmitters degraded?

A

Via enzumes
* Ach-ase
* Catecolamin-ase
All help stop action potential

55
Q

What occurs if ACH builds up?

A

Contiunual muscle contraction; death

56
Q

____ of NTs are transported back into the presynaptic neuron via **NT specific transport proteins **

A

80%

57
Q

Peripheral Neuroglia

produce myelin sheath
* wrapp around perioherl neurons
* block out production of action potential

A

Schwann Cells

58
Q

Peripheral Neuroglia

surround cell bodies in peripheral ganglia, control microenvironment around cell body

A

Satellite Cells

59
Q

Peripheral Neuroglia

help coordinate nervous and immune system function with the gut

A

Enteric Neuroglia

60
Q

Peripheral Neuroglia

found in retina

A

Mullers Cells

61
Q

Each shwanna cell produces 1 myline sheath, in bwtn each shwanna cell is a ____ allow s for fast travling of smooth signal

A

Node of ranvier

62
Q

Disease laking peripheral myleniation=

A

Choppy signal

63
Q

Still embedded in Schwann cells, just not tightly wrapped.
* no increased speed of action potential

A

Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers

64
Q

Central Neuroglia

physical and metabolic support of neurons in CNS

A

Astrocytes

65
Q

Central Neuroglia

myelin-forming cells of the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

1 can form mylein around many dif neruons

66
Q

Central Neuroglia

function as immune cells in CNS
* smallest of neuroglial cells

A

Microglia

67
Q

Central Neuroglia

  • Line the fluid filled cavities of the CNS
  • responsible for producing CSF + maintain composition
  • **Single layer of cuboidal collumna cells **
A

Ependymal cells

68
Q

Types of Astrocytes

found covering the brain, contribute to blood-brain barrier. VERY branched.

A

Protoplasmic

69
Q

Types of Astrocytes

found in the inner core of the braine, fewer processes than the other astrocytes

A

Fiborous

70
Q

?

A

Ependymal Cells

71
Q

were cell bodies are stored

A

Ganglia

72
Q

Sympathetic Ganglia

paravertebral) ganglia (the highest of these is the superior cervical ganglion)

A

Sympathetic trunk

T1-L2

73
Q

Sympathetic Ganglia

adjacent to origins of large unpaired branches of abdominal aorta), including celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and aorticorenal ganglia

A

Prevertebral ganglia

74
Q

Sympathetic Ganglia

which may be considered a modified sympathetic ganglion (each of the secretory cells of the medulla, as well as the recognizable ganglion cells, is innervated by cholinergic presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers)

A

Adrenal Medulla

75
Q

Parasympathetic Ganglia (cranio-sacral ganglia)

What are the 4 head ganglia?

A
  1. Cillialry ganglion (CN3)
  2. Submandibular (CN7)
  3. Ptergopalatine (CN7)
  4. Otic (CN9)
76
Q

Parasympathetic Ganglia (cranio-sacral ganglia)

near or in wall of organs, including ganglia of the submucosal (Meissner’s GI ) and myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexuses of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Terminnal Ganglia

77
Q

cell body is in CNS **(ventral horn **of sympathetic chain ) within CNS

A

Motor Neurons

78
Q

cell body is in ganglia which are next to CNS
Dorsal roots of spinal nerves
Associated with CN V, VII, VIII, IX, and X sensory components

A

Sensory Neurons

79
Q

Peripheral Nerve Connective Tissue

loose connective tissue surrounding each individual nerve fiber, innermost

A

Endonuriuem

80
Q

Peripheral Nerve Connective Tissue

specialized connective tissue surrounding each nerve fascicl(collection of nerve fibers). Middle.

A

Perineurium

81
Q

Peripheral Nerve Connective Tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. Outside covering of entire nerve.

A

Epineurium

82
Q

Sensory Receptors

react to stimuli from the external environment
* Temperature, touch, smell, sound, vision

A

Externoreceptors

83
Q

Sensory Receptors

react to stimuli from within the body
* Stretch of the alimentary canal, bladder, blood vessels give info about stretch in blood vessels to contract or relax.

A

Enteroceptors

84
Q

Sensory receptors

react to stimuli from within the body
* Provide sensation of body position, muscle tone and movement. Walking etc.

A

Proprioceptors

85
Q

Controls and regulates the body’s internal environment

A

Autonomic nervous system

86
Q

3 divisions of the ANS

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Para
  3. Enteric
87
Q

ANS

conscious control

A

Skeletal

88
Q

ANS

unconsoius control

A

Autonomic

89
Q

How many neurons?

From motor, spinal cord to skeletal muscle

A
  • 1 neuron efferent to mylenated skeletal nerve

ONE

90
Q

ANS

How many neurons for visceral ANS?

A

** 2 neurons. **

  • 1st neuron from spinal cord into mylenated autonomic ganglion,
  • 2nd umylenated neuron from ganglion to end goal
91
Q

presynaptic neurons are located in the thoracic and upper lumbar portions of the spinal cord (thoracic lumbar cell bodies) but autonomic ganglion chain are cervical through sacral

A

Sympathetic

92
Q

Presynaptic neurons are located in the brainstem and sacral spinal corad (cranio-sacral)

A

Parasympathetic

93
Q

vision, motor, sensory.

Frontal portion is higher though, cognition, and info application

A

Cerebrum

94
Q

responsible for coordinated movment and planning, + maintain sense of time

A

Cerebellum

95
Q

keeping you alive, BP, HR, breathing

A

Brainstem

96
Q

When people die from opiate overdose caused by depression of ____ stop breathing. Die of asphyxiation.

A

Repiratory cente; brainstem

97
Q

Get info out.

A

Spinal cord

98
Q

brain

Outside, contains nerve cell bodies, site of many synapses. Sends to white matter. Start to run

A

Gray matter

99
Q

Brain

axons of nerve cells, associated glial cells, and blood vessels, received, run.

A

White matter

100
Q

In the spinal cord where is white matter and grey matter?

A
  • white matter on outside
  • gray inside, butterflu shape

Opposite of brain

101
Q

Dorsal horn receives?

A

Sensory info

102
Q

Ventral horn revieves?

A

Motor info

103
Q

Connective Tissue of the CNS

outermost layer
* Thick sheet of connective tissue, protective

A

Dura mater

104
Q

Connective Tissue of the CNS

middle layer
Delicate sheet adjacent to inner surface of dura mater

A

Arachnoid matter

105
Q

Connective Tissue of the CNS

where blood vessels are located and CSF.

A

Subarachnoid space

106
Q

Connective Tissue of the CNS

Innermost layer
Directly on surface of brain and spinal cord
thin

A

Pia Mater

107
Q
  • Complex tight junctions
  • Endothelial basal lamina
  • Astrocytes homeostasis of water
  • Restrict passage of ions and substances to CNS grey/white matter
A

Blood Brain Barrier

108
Q

Exlain PNS Response to injury

A
  1. Antrograde degeneratironof axon
  2. Shwann cells recieve no GF, so they undifferentiate (can be reversed)
  3. Macrophages come and clean
  4. If injury not bad, axon will regrown and shwanna cells will differnetite and form bands.
109
Q

Muscle without connection o spinal cord becomes ____ due to lack of activation, and no growth factor secretion by nerve cells to retain size of muscle.

A

atrophied

Increased growth of axon will increase muscle .

110
Q

Exlain CNS Response to injury

A
  1. Oligodendrictes apoptos follwinf damage
  2. **Loss of mylin sheefs **
  3. Microglial come
  4. Astrocytes from wallaround injury
  5. Injury results in**overal loss of neuron **

IHP 1001 (18 decks)

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