Ch.3 Hemodynamic Disorder Pt.1 Flashcards
the accumulation of fluid in tissues resulting from a net movement of water into extravascular spaces
Edema
process of blood clotting that follows blood vessel damage.
Hemostasis
(excessive bleeding), which may compromise tissue perfusion and, if massive and rapid, lead to hypotension, shock, and death.
hemorrhage
Inappropriate clotting
thrombosis
migration of clots in the vasculature
Embolism
blood vessel obstruction and ischemic cell death
infarction
What underlies
- myocardial infarction
- pulmonary embolism
- cerebrovascular accident (stroke).
thromboembolism
Clotting and migration of clot
is an active process resulting from arteriolar dilation and increased blood inflow; it occurs at sites of inflammation and in exercising skeletal muscle.
Hyperemia
Red tissues, lots of O2 blood
Passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue
occurs systemically in *cardiac failure *and locally as a consequence of venous obstruction.
Congestion
Tissues are blue-red color (cyanosis) Acc. of deoxygenated hemoglobin
What kind of Congestion?
Microscopicall marked by** blood-engorged alveolar** capillaries and variable alveolar septal edema and intraalveolar hemorrhage.
acute pulmonary congestion
What kind of Congestion?
the septa become thickened and fibrotic and the alveolar spaces contain *numerous macrophages *laden with hemosiderin (“heart failure cells) derived from phagocytosed red cells.
chronic pulmonary congestion
the central vein and sinusoids are** distended with blood** and centrally located hepatocytes may undergo necrosis.
** Periportal hepatocytes, which experience less severe hypoxia because of their proximity to hepatic arterioles, may develop fatty change**
Acute hepatic congestion
What kind of Congestion?
the central regions of the hepatic lobules are congested, red-brown, and **slightly depressed **(owing to necrosis and cell loss)
are accentuated by surrounding zones of *tan, sometimes Fatty, periportal hepatocytes (nutmeg liver)
chronic passive liver congestion
Extravascular fluid can collecting in body cavities
effusion
Examples of?
1.pleural cavity (hydrothorax)
2.pericardial cavity (hydropericardium)
3.peritoneal cavity (hydroperitoneum, or ascites)
Effusion
Extravascular fluid can collecting in body cavities
severe, generalized edema marked by profound swelling of subcutaneous tissues and accumulation of fluid in body cavities.
Anasarca
In inflammation, edema is due to what?
Increased vascular permability
GOverns movment of fluid in and out of aterioles
Controled by Na+ and K levels
Hydrostaic Pressure
2
Under normal circumstances what is the **balance **of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure?
outflow of fluid produced by hydrostatic pressure at the arteriolar end of the microcirculation is nearly balanced by inflow at the venular end owing to osmotic pressure.
GOverns movment of fluid in and out of venules
Controled by protein concentration
Osmotic Presure
What 2 trends in hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure cause :
increased movement of water into the interstitium and if the drainage capacity of the lymphatics is exceeded, edema results.
- Increased hydrostatic pressure
- diminished colloid osmotic pressure
Edema fluid that accumulates due to high Hydrostatic pressue or low osmotic pressure is:
protein-poor transudate
increased vascular permeability, inflammatory edema fluid is
Protein rich exudate
are mainly caused by disorders that impair venous return
Increases in hydrostatic pressure
