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IHP 1001 > Ch.2 Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Ch.2 Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

a response of prolonged duration (weeks to months) in which inflammation, tissue injury, and attempts at repair coexist, in varying combinations delayed

A

Chronic inflammation

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2
Q

3 main causes of chronic inflmation

A

1. Persistant infection; difficult to eradicate (mycobacteira, some viruses fungi, and parasites)
2. Hypersensitivity Diseases; diseases that are caused by excessive and inappropriate activation of the immune system (autoimmune & allergic diseases)
3. Prolongued exposre to toxic agents they can be endo or exogenous ex. silica inhaliation.

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3
Q

autoantigens evoke a self-perpetuating immune reaction that results in chronic tissue damage and inflammation;

examples of such diseases are rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune diseases

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4
Q

chronic inflammation is the result of **excessive immune responses **against common environmental substances, as in bronchial asthma

A

Allergic Diseases

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5
Q

What morphological feature of Chronic inflammation?

Macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells enter site of infection

A

Infiltration by mononuclear cells

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6
Q

What morphological feature of Chronic inflammation?

____ at site of infection is induced by the persistent offending agent or by the inflammatory cells

A

Tissue Destruction

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7
Q

What morphological feature of Chronic inflammation?

replacement of damaged tissue with connective tissue, accomplished by angiogenesis (proliferation of small blood vessels) and fibrosis, culminating in scar formation

A

Attempts at healing

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8
Q

Cells which destroy foreign invaders and tissues, secrete cytokines and growth factors, and activate other cells, notably T lymphocytes.

Dominant cell in chronic inflammatory rxn.

A

Macrophages

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9
Q

diffusely scattered in most connective tissues. Circulating cells of this lineage are known as monocytes. ALso found in specific locations in organs such as the liver (Kupffer cells), spleen, and lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes), central nervous system (microglial cells), and lungs (alveolar macrophages)

A

Tissue Resident Macrophages

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10
Q

derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and from progenitors in the embryonic yolk sac and fetal liver during early development

A

Macrophages in tissues

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11
Q

inflammatory reactions, progenitors in the bone marrow give rise to monocytes, which enter the blood, migrate into various tissues,

What do they do after this?

A

Differentiate into macrophages

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12
Q

Microglial cells (brain) and Kupffer cells (liver) are examples of what?

A

Tissue resident macrophages

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13
Q

induced by microbial products such as endotoxin, which engage TLRs and other sensors, and by Tcell–derived mediators, especially the cytokine IFN-γ, in immune responses

A

Classical macrophage activation M1

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14
Q

produce NO and ROS, upregulate lysosomal enzymes (enhance ability to kill) and secret cytokienes that stimulate inflamation.

Eradicate infections and dominate many inflammatory reactions

A

M1macrophages

Clasically activated macrophages

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15
Q

mediators other than IFN-γ, such as IL-4 and IL-13, produced by T lymphocytes and other cells. Do what?

A

Alternative macrophage activation

M2

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16
Q

not actively microbicidal; instead, their principal function is tissue repair. They secrete growth factors that promote angiogenesis, activate fibroblasts, and stimulate collagen synthesis. **Inhibit Inflamation **

A

M2 macrophages

Alternative acitvated macrophages

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17
Q

What are some activated macrophages function?

A
  1. injestion/elemination
  2. Secrete inflamatory mediations (TNF, IL-1) central to propogation of inflamatory rxns
  3. Initate tissue repair, scar formation , fibrosis
  4. Antigen presentation
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18
Q
  • Produced in bone marrow as progenitor T-cells
  • Further develope in thymus in CD4+ helper or CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells
A

T-lymphocytes

19
Q

Recognizes antigens presented on MHC molecules

TCR + CD3

A

TCR Complex

Used by T-cells

20
Q

What cytokiene secreted by CD4+ T cell?

produce the cytokine IFN-γ, which activates macrophages by the classical pathway.

cellular response

A

Th1 Cells

21
Q

What cytokiene secreted by CD4+ T cell?

secrete** IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13,** which recruit and activate eosinophils and are responsible for the alternative pathway of macrophage activation.

hummoral response

A

Th2

22
Q

What cytokiene secreted by CD4+ T cell?

secrete** IL-17 and other cytokines, which induce the secretion of chemokines responsible for recruiting mainly neutrophils into the reaction.**

A

Th17

23
Q

What cytokiene(s) secreted by CD4+ T cell defend agaisnt many types of bacteria and viruses?

A

Th-1 & Th-17

24
Q

What cytokiene(s) secreted by CD4+ T cell defend agaisnt many types of helminthic paraisites and allergic inflammation?

A

Th2

*eosinophills

25
Q
  1. antigen phagocytosed by macrophage or dendritic cell
  2. Present antigen on MHC Class II (on APC)
  3. B7 on APC binds CD28 on ____ cell and acitvate it
  4. Acitivated ____ cell secrete cytokienes that acitvate adaptive immunity + propgate inflamation
A

CD4+ T helper cells

26
Q

Activates macrophages and promote B-cell class switching from IgM to IgG, promte Th1 response inhibit Th2 repsonse.

A

IFN-γ

27
Q

TH2 secretes ____ which facilitates B-cell class switching to IgE. And section of IL-5 facilitates ____ chemotaxis and activation.

A

Il-4 (IgE class switch)
Eosionphil chemotaxis

28
Q

Immature ____ produced in Bone marrow
Imunoglobulin rearrangment to become naive ____ that express surface IgM and IgD

A

B-Lymphocytes

29
Q
  1. Antigen binds surface IgM or IgD resulting in their maturation and secretion of plasma cells
  2. B-cell antigen** presentation to CD4+ helper T-cells via MHC class 2 **
A

Two forms of B-cell acitvation

29
Q

Descirbe 4 steps of secondary B-cell activation via MHC 2

A

1. CD40 receptor on B cell bind CD40 Ligand on Helper T cell = 2nd signal
2. Helper T cell secret Il-4 & 5 (mediate B-cell isotype swtiching + hypermutation + matruation into plasma cells)

29
Q

abundant in immune reactions mediated by IgE and in parasitic infections

A

Eosinophills

Appear granulated, very basic
30
Q

In chronic bacterial infection of bone (osteomyelitis), a ____ exudate can persist for months

A

Neutrophillic

30
Q

3 outcomes of chronic inflamation?

A
  1. Scarring & fibrosis
  2. Amyloid formation (deposition of misfolded protiens)
  3. Malignancy (lots of injurys, hyper, meta, dysplasia)
31
Q

form of chronic inflammation characterized by** collections of activated macrophages,** often with T lymphocytes, and sometimes associated with central necrosis.

Type ___ hypersensitvity?

A

Granulomatous Inflammation, Type 4 Hypersensitivity (cell mediated)

32
Q

In Granulomatous Inflammation:

Macrophages transform into ____ cells (pink cytoplasm) and ____ giant cells. They are surrounded by lymphocytes & plasam cells,.

A

Epetheliod cells and** Langerhan giant cells** (fusion of numerous acivated macrophages)

33
Q

Causes Causeating granulomas

Cheese-like necrosis

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (the ONLY causeating)

Pink= deposited connective tissue. Big blobs= giant langerhan cells
34
Q

Granulomatous Inflammation may play a roll in ____ due to macrophages activaton of Vitamin D, which increased calcium absorbtion.

A

Hyperglycemia

35
Q

Formation of a _ help TB become more resistant to drugs and immune response beccause it is very internalized

A

Granuloma

36
Q

What disease with granulomatous inflamation?

Acid-fast bacilli in macrophages; noncaseating granulomas

skin verison of TB

A

Leprosy

37
Q

What disease with granulomatous inflamation?

Gumma: microscopic to grossly visible lesion; surrounding wall of macrophages; plasma cell infiltrate; central cells are necrotic without loss of cellular outline

A

Syphyllis

38
Q

What disease with granulomatous inflamation?

Rounded or stellate granuloma containing central granular debris and recognizable neutrophils; giant cells uncommon

A

Cat-scratch Disease

39
Q

What disease with granulomatous inflamation?

Noncaseating granulomas with abundant activated macrophages
Lungs, legs

A

Sarcoidosis

40
Q

Occasional noncaseating granulomas in the wall of the intestine, with dense chronic inflammatory infiltrate

A

Crohns disease (IBD)

IHP 1001 (18 decks)

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