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IHP 1001 > Ch.1 Final Part > Flashcards

Ch.1 Final Part Flashcards

1
Q

When Amyloid Deposits occur in a single organ, they are misfolded proteins that the body has trouble degrading.

A

Localized Amyloidosis

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2
Q

Non-mutated serum, transthyretin deposits in the heart. Non-symptomatic. Occurs overtime. 25% of people have it by the age of 80.

A

Senile Cardiac amyloidosis

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3
Q

Mutated transyhyretin causes restrictive cardiomyopathy. 5% of Americans of African descent have this. Ex. FMF

A

Familial form of Amyloidosis

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4
Q

Issue where heart cannot contract properly due to all the protein deposits surrounding it.

A

Cardiomyopathy

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5
Q

Amylin is derived from what?

A

Insulin

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6
Q

Chronic secretion of high amount of insulin leads to amylin deposits in the isle of the pancreas which causes the organ to loose ability to function;therefore no insulin can be produced.

insulin deficient

A

Type 2 diabetes

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7
Q

Beta- amyloid derived from APP (amyloid precursor protein) , deposited in brain forming amyloid plaques resulting in what disease?

A

Alzheimer disease

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8
Q

The gene for APP is located on what chromosome?

A

Chromosome 21

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9
Q

Trisomy 21=

A

Down syndrome

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10
Q

Since APP gene is located on chromosome 21, people with trisomy 21 often develop ___ by the age of 40

A

Alzheimer’s because more expression of APP

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11
Q

Protein producing cancer, carcinoma of the thyroid were calcitonin overproduction deposits within the tumor.

A

Medullary Carcinoma

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12
Q

Cystic fibrosis, Tay-sac, Familial hypercholestorlemia are all examples of what?

A

Disease causes by misfolded proteins that are degraded leading to their deficiency

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13
Q

The ccumulation of misfolded proteins in a cell can stress compensatory pathways in the ___ and lead to cell death by apoptosi

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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14
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are examples of what?

A

Diseases Caused by Misfolded Proteins That Result in ER Stress-Induced Cell Loss

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15
Q

Each cell has a capacity for ____ . More stressor the more likely you are to overwhelm cells capacity to withstand stress.

A

Injury

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16
Q

Neurons have a small capacity to deal with _____ thus highly susceptible to it while skeletal muscles are more resistant (via anaerobic respiration)

A

Ischemia

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17
Q

Renal artery atherosclerosis will causes atrophy of some tissues, example of?

A

Slow, chronic, ischemia

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18
Q

Renal artery embolus, results in immediate cell injury. Much worse

A

sudden acute ischemia

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19
Q

Low oxygen in tissues, results in no final oxygen electron receptor in ox. phos.= less ATP= cellular injury.

A

Hypoxia

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20
Q

What happens when there is less/reduced ATP in cells?

A

Can’t power the Na or Ca+ pumps

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21
Q

Ischemia compromises what?

A

The delivery of substrates for glycolysis= non aerobic metabolism or aerobic energy generation.

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22
Q

Does hypoxia or ischemia causes more rapid and severe tissue injury to the cell?

A

Ischemia

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23
Q

-reduced/stopped blood flow
-Low blood oxygen(hypoxemia)
-Blood O2 carrying capacity diminished

A

3 causes of hypoxia?

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24
Q

Low partial pressure of oxygen in blood.

A

Hypoxemia

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25
Q

Decrease RBC mass. Blood O2 carrying capacity diminished, example of hypoxia.

A

Anemia

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26
Q

Decreased blood flow to tissues or organs

A

Ischemia

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27
Q

Physical causes of ischemia?

A

-Limiting caliber of artery= reduced arterial perfusion atheroscelorsis

-Stenosis/spasm

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28
Q

Blocking arteria flow due to backed up or decreased venous drainage (Budd-chiari syndrome/ blocked IVC) results in what?

A

Results in hypoxia

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29
Q

Shock- generalized hypotension in the entire system which causes poor tissue perfusion results in

A

Results in hypoxia

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30
Q

Stimulates the synthesis of several proteins that help the cell to survive in the face of low oxygen

A

hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family.

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31
Q

-VEGF= stimulate growth of new vessels and increase blood flow = more oxygen

-Other protiens= changes in cell metabolism, stimulation uptake of glucose (from circulation/hydrolysis of glycogen) and glycolysis; anaerobic glycolysis(produce atp for cells without oxygen)

A

Proteins induced by Hypoxia inducible factor family

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32
Q

What tissues can survive loss of oxygen better liver/striated muscles or brain?

A

Liver/striated tissues

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33
Q

depeletion of ATP and sitting off of the Na pump results in what?

A

Decreased intracellular pH which causes changes in the activities of many enzymes, increased generation of ROS, and defects in protein synthesis.

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34
Q

What conditions cause hypoventilation (reduce breathing, O2 entering)

A

Increased PAco2 resulting in decreased PAo2.

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35
Q

what causes a decreased barometric pressure, resulting in reduction of PAo2

A

High altitude

36
Q

Hypoventilation, high altitude, diffusion issue, decreased al result in what?

A

Hypoxemia (low PAo2 in blood)

37
Q

When PAo2 (pressure of oxygen in the alveoli) is not able to push as much O2 into the blood.

This is a ____ issue

A

Diffusion issue

38
Q

Diffusion barrier issue of Oxygen when carried btw the alveolar space & blood vessel is thicker.

What disease is this?

A

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

39
Q

When blood bypasses oxygenated lung due to heart circulation defects like R/L shunting or oxygen is unable to reach blood due to ventilation issues.

A

Ventilation/Perfusion mismatch

40
Q

Toxins act directly by combining with a critical molecular component or cellular organelle.

Ex. Chemo drugs, toxins produced by infectious pathogens.

A

Direct-acting toxins

41
Q

toxic chemicals are only active after they have been converted to reactive metabolites, which then act on target cells

A

Latent toxins

42
Q

Ex. of hypoxia, CO binds hemoglobin more strongly than oxygen, PAO2 normal but SAo2 decreased.

headache, red appearance, death

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning

43
Q

Iron in heme is oxidized to Fe3+, CANT bind oxygen-PAO2 normal but SAo2 decreased.
oxidative stress

Cyanosis, chocolate colored blood

A

Methoglobienmia

44
Q

How to treat Methoglobienmia?

A

Methylene blue IV, pushes the reduction of Fe3+ back to Fe2+ (can carry oxygen better!)

45
Q

refers to an enlargement of cells that results in increase in the size of the organ.

A

Hypertorphy

46
Q

increase in the number of cells in an organ that stems from increased proliferation (mitosis), either of differentiated cells or, in some instances, progenitor cells.

A

Hyperplasia

47
Q

Cells just increase in size b/c they contain more amount of structural proteins & organelles.

A

Pure Hypertorphy

48
Q

Physiologic or pathologic, causes by either an increased functional demand or by growth factor hormone stimulation. gene activation

A

Hypertropy

49
Q

Occurs during pregnancy, estrogen stimulated smooth muscle hypertrophy & hyperplasia.

Nucleuses become small because the smooth muscle cells expand and become larger.

A

Physiologic enlargement of the uterus

50
Q

disorders that increase intracardiac pressures, such as narrowing of the aortic valve (stenosis) .

Myocardial cells have persistent workload increase; adapting by enlarging to generate higher contractile force.

A

Pathologic Hypertrophy

51
Q

What does a irreversible hypertrophied myocardium look like?

A

The ventricular walls are thicker

52
Q

What does reversibly injured hypertrophied myocardium look like?

A

shows functional compromise without gross or light microscopic changes, or reversible changes like cellular swelling and fatty change.

53
Q

What does necrosised myocardium look like?

A

the transmural light area in the posterolateral left ventricle represents an acute myocardial infarction

54
Q

Ex. of pathological hyperplasia

A

Endometrial hyperplasia, which can progress to dysplasia and become cancerous.

55
Q

exemplified by the proliferation of the glandular epithelium of the female breast at puberty and during pregnancy

A

Hormonal Hyperplasia

56
Q

which residual tissue grows after removal or loss of part of an organ.

Ex. part of liver resected, mitotic division occurs and restores liver cells.

A

Compensatory hyperplasia

57
Q

reduced size of an organ or tissue caused by reduction in the size and number of cells

A

Atrophy

58
Q

Causes of Atrophy

A

-Decrease in workload & stress
-nerve, blood, nutrients reduced= less cells.

59
Q

Decrease cell number occurs via ____

A

Apoptosis

60
Q

Decrease in cell size occurs via ____ tagging of cellular components for proteasome degredation.

Send everything back o blood

A

Ubiquitin tagging

61
Q

Shrinking of the brain is a what? and this happens why?

A

Less use, atrophy

62
Q

Autophage of cellular components involves generation of _____ vacuoles which are later fused with lysosomes

A

Autophagic

63
Q

change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.

A

Metaplasia

64
Q

Metaplasia is arrises from reprogramming of _____ cell to differentiate along a new pathway rather than a phenotypic change of differentiated cells

A

Stem cell

65
Q

change in the respiratory epithelium (due to prolonged smoking).

Normal relatively delicate ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the trachea and bronchi ->

replaced by tough stratified squamous epithelial cells= which are better suited to withstand the noxious chemicals in cigarette smoke.

A

Epithelium Metaplasia

66
Q

normal stratified squamous epithelium of the lower esophagus may undergo metaplastic transformation to gastric or intestinal-type columnar epithelium.

Example of what?

A

Metaplasia

67
Q

The influences that induce metaplastic change, if persistent, predispose to malignant transformation of the epithelium=

A

cancer

68
Q

Metaplasia is ___ if stress is resolved in the case of gastric reflux cel changes if pt. takes antacids

A

Reversible

69
Q

______ deficiency is linked to metaplasia where squamous epithelium of conjunctiva changes to stratified dekeritanized epithelium= what disease?

A

Vitamin A deficiency Keratomalacia

70
Q

_____ connective tissue under go metaplasia

A

mesenchymal

71
Q

When muscle tissue undergo metaplasia into bone (ossification)

A

Myositis ossificans

72
Q

Discord in cell growth, no cohesion, pre-cancerous cell proliferation with poor structure.

A

Dysplasia

73
Q

dysplasia that is a precursor to cervical cancer

A

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
(Development of abnormal cells in cervix)

74
Q

Dysplasia often arrises from longstanding pathologic _____(endometrial ____) or ______ (batter esophagus)

A

Hyperplasia; endometiral
of
Metaplasia

75
Q

Occurs in the mouth, results of smoking, underside of tongue, irregular looking tissue.

conduct biopsy

A

Mucosal dysplasia

76
Q

Failure of cell production during embryogenesis
embryological

A

Aplasia

77
Q

Decrease in cell production during embryogenesis resulting in smaller than usual organ or tissue size

A

Hypoplasia

78
Q

Unilateral renal angigenisis (only 1 kidney)

A

Ex. of aplasia

79
Q

Decrease in enamel cell production. Teeth look chalky white.

A

Enamel hypoplasia

80
Q

abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells.

A

Fatty Change (Steatosis)

81
Q

phagocytic cells may become overloaded with lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters) in several pathologic processes characterized by increased intake or decreased catabolism of lipids

A

Cholesterol and Cholesteryl Esters.

82
Q

visible _____ accumulations are less common than lipid accumulations; they may occur because of increased uptake or increased synthesis

A

Proteins

83
Q

associated with abnormalities in the metabolism of either glucose or glycogen.

A

glycogen

83
Q

typically indigestible pigments, such as carbon, lipofuscin (breakdown product of lipid peroxidation), or hemosiderin (usually due to iron overload

A

Pigments

84
Q

Results from combination of multiple and progressive cellular alterations, Accumulation of DNA damage and mutations, Exacerbated by chronic diseases, especially those associated with prolonged inflammation, and by stress; slowed down by calorie restriction and exercise

programed changes with genetic influences

A

Cellular Aging

84
Q

Carbon, Lipofusion, melanin, hemosiderin

A

All examples of pigments that can accumulate in the cell.

IHP 1001 (18 decks)

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