Nephron Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the blood vessels related to the nephron structure

A

Afferent Arteriole, Efferent Arteriole and Glomerulus

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2
Q

Name the 5 main sections of the nephron in the chronological order

A
Bowmans/ Renal Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting duct
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3
Q

Name the 4 parts to osmoregulation

A

Ultrafiltration + formation of glomerular filtrate
Reabsorption of glucose and water by the PCT
Maintenance of the Na+ gradient in the medulla by the Loop of Henle
Reabsorption of H20 by the DCT and Collecting duct

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4
Q

Name the vessels that the blood passes through in and out of the nephron

A

Renal Artery, afferent arteriole, glomerular capillaries, efferent arteriole, capillaries, renal vein.

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5
Q

Describe how Ultrafiltration occurs

A

Walls of the glomerular capillaries are eplithal with pores
Diameter of afferent > efferent so HP builds up in Glomerulus
H20, glucose and mineral ions are squeezed out of the capillary to form glomerular filtrate.
Blood cells and proteins are too large to pass through

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6
Q

Name the 5 ways the movement of the glomerular filtrate is resisted

A
Capillary epithelial cells
Connective tissue and epithelial cells of the blood capillary 
Epithelial cells of the renal capsule
HP of the fluid in renal capsule space
low wp of the blood into the glomerulus.
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7
Q

What 2 modifications are in the Bowman’s Capsule?

A

Podocytes = specialised cells which have space between

Endothelium of glomerular capillaries have spaces

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8
Q

How is the Epithelial cell modified to reabsorb H20 and glucose in the PCT

A

microvilli to reabsorb substances from the filtrate
infoldings at their base to give a large SA
high density of mitochondria to prove ATP

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9
Q

Describe the process how the PCT reabsorbs h20 and glucose

A

na+ are AT out of the PCT into the blood capillary
Now Na+ can facilitated diffuse from lumen of PCT into epithelial lining
When they diffuse in glucose/H20 is co-transported in please

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10
Q

Describe the differences between the descending ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A

Descending Limb= narrow thin walls that are permeable to H20.
Ascending limb= wide, thick walls that are impermeable to h20

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11
Q

The concentration of urine is related to what?

A

the length of the loop of henle

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12
Q

Describe the counter current multiplier of the Loop of Henle

A

Na+ out of the ascending limb of loop of Henle using ATP from mitochondria in the walls
This creates a low wp in the medulla interstitial region but ascending limb impermeable to H20 so H20 passes out of filtreates via osmosis in the descending limb to a capillary and carried
Filtrate loses H20 down the descending limb hence wp lowers- lowest at the tip.
ascending limb Na+ diffuse out as it moves up a limb so wp increases
Interstitial space have wp gradient down
CD permeable to H20 so water moves via osmosis

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13
Q

Explain how the Distal Convoluted Tubule is adapted

A

microvilli to increase rate of absorption

Mitochondria to generate ATP for AT

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14
Q

Describe and explain how the secretion of ADH affects urine produced by the kidneys when the water potential of the blood is low?

A

1) Permeability of (membrane/cells) to water is increased
2) More water absorbed (from/leaves) distal tubule/ collecting duct
3) Smaller volume of urine
4) Urine becomes more concentrated

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15
Q

Explain the role of ADH in the production of concentrated urine?

A

1) When water potential of the blood is too low
2) Detected by receptors in the hypothalamus
3) Pituitary secretes (releases) more ADH
4) ADH increases permeability of aquaporins (opens channels for water in DCT)
5) More water is reabsorbed; leaves nephron and moves into the blood
6) By osmosis down the water potential gradient

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16
Q

A decrease in the WP is caused by….

A

Too little H20 consumed
Too much sweating
large amounts of ions being taken in

17
Q

A rise in WP is caused by ….

A

large volume of H20 consumed

salts used in metabolism or excreted and not replaced in diet

18
Q

Explain how ADH increases the absorption of H20

A

ADH secreted by hypothalamus to the pituitary gland then secreted into capillaries to kidney
ADH bind to receptors on DCT and CD to activate Phosphorylase
causing vesicle to dues with cell wall and increase number of aquaporins on CSM