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Renal > Nephrology Physiology > Flashcards

Nephrology Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main roles of the kidney?

A 
Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure
Regulation of osmolarity
Maintaining ion balance
pH regulation
Waste excretion
Hormone production
Gluconeogenesis
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2
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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3
Q

What are the parts of the nephron?

A 
Bowman's capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending/ascending limb of loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
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4
Q

What is Bowman’s capsule?

A

The space at the head of the nephron

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5
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Capillaries found in the Bowman’s capsule

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6
Q

Podocytes are important in which renal process?

A

Glomerular filtration

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7
Q

What do mesangial cells do?

A

Contract to regulate blood flow

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8
Q

What do granular cells secrete?

A

Renin

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9
Q

What are the four major renal processes?

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Excretion

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10
Q

What happens in glomerular filtration?

A

Substances in the glomerulus get filtered into the nephron

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11
Q

What happens in tubular reabsorption?

A

Substances previously filtered are reabsorbed into blood

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12
Q

What happens in tubular secretion?

A

Substances are secreted from the blood into the nephron

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13
Q

What happens in excretion?

A

Waste products are removed in the urine

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14
Q

What percentage of plasma is filtered in the glomerulus?

A

20%

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15
Q

Of the 20% plasma filtered in the glomerulus, how much is reabsorbed back into the blood?

A

19%

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16
Q

The podocytes help to form what membrane?

A

Filtration membrane

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17
Q

What is the function of the filtration membrane?

A

Prevent large negatively charged molecules being filtered

18
Q

What pressure favours filtration?

A

Glomerular filtration pressure

19
Q

What pressures oppose filtration?

A

Bowman’s capsule pressure

Glomerular oncotic pressure

20
Q

What is the value of net filtration pressure?

A

10 mm Hg

21
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?

A

The volume of fluid filtered into Bowman’s capsule per unit time

22
Q

What is the normal value of glomerular filtration rate?

A

125 ml/min

23
Q

What is the equation of glomerular filtration rate?

A

GFR = net filtration pressure x Kf

24
Q

How does vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole affect the GFR?

A

Decreases glomerular hydrostatic pressure decreasing GFR

25
Q

What effect does vasodilation of the afferent arteriole have on GFR?

A

Increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure increasing GFR

26
Q

What substances are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Na, Cl, H, glucose, amino acids and water

27
Q

What substance is reabsorbed in the descending limb of loop of Henle?

A

Water

28
Q

What substances are reabsorbed in the ascending limb of loop of Henle?

A

Na, Cl and K

29
Q

What substances are reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg and bicarbonate

30
Q

What substances are reabsorbed in the collecting duct?

A

Na, Cl, urea and water

31
Q

Where in the nephron are substances secreted?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

32
Q

What substances are secreted into the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Creatinine, drugs and H+

33
Q

What substances are secreted into the distal convoluted tubule?

A

H+ and K+

34
Q

What pump is used to reabsorb glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Na-glucose pump

35
Q

What pump is used to reabsorb sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Na/K/ATPase pump

36
Q

What enzyme is responsible for acid-base balance in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

37
Q

Bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule is sodium-dependent/independent

A

Sodium dependent

38
Q

What co-transporter is expressed in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

K/Na/Cl triple co-transporter

39
Q

In the distal convoluted tubule, magnesium and calcium are reabsorbed trans/paracellularly

A

Paracellularly

40
Q

What hormone controls sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubule/collecting duct?

A

Aldosterone

41
Q

What channels allow for water reabsorption?

A

Aquaporins

42
Q

What is the effect of ADH on aquaporins?

A

Increased expression of aquaporins causing increased water reabsorption

Renal (14 decks)

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