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phase 4 > nephrology passmed > Flashcards

nephrology passmed Flashcards

1
Q

how to prevent contrast induced nephropathy

A

volume expansion with nacl pre and post procedure

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2
Q

kidney disease in SLE

A

membranous glomerulonephritis (nephrotic syndrome)

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3
Q

nephrotic syndrome treatment in children

A

steroids

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4
Q

cause of acute interstitial nephritis

A

drugs

autoimmune SLE, sarcoidossis, sjogrens

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5
Q

investigations in acute interstitial nephritis

A

sterile pyuria

white cell casts

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6
Q

what is the potassium requirement for fluids

A

1mmol/kg/day

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7
Q

how much fluids should be prescibres

A

25-30mmol/kg/day

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8
Q

eGFR variables

A 
CAGE
creatinine
age
gender
ethnicity

pregnancy, muscle mass and red meat can affect result

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9
Q

what is the first indicator of diabetic nephropathy

A

microalbuminaemia

there do ACR on a spot urine sample and if abnormal do a first pas morning urine specimen

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10
Q

treatment of diabetic nephropathy

A

blood pressure proteinuria control with ACE-I or ARB

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11
Q

complications of large volumes of NaCl

A

hypercholaremic metabolic acidosis

fluidoverload

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12
Q

what fluid should be avoided in hyperkaelaemia

A

Hartmann’s

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13
Q

investigation for painless haematuria

A

cystoscopy

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14
Q

function of calcium gluconate

A

myocardium stabilisation

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15
Q

treatment of hyperkalaemia

A 
IV calcium gluconate
insulin/dextrose infusion
neb salbuatmol
calcium resonium 
loop diuretics 
dialysis
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16
Q

complications of nephrotic syndrome

A 
VTE - due to loss of anti thrombin III
CV disease
anaemia
acute renal failure
hypovolaemic crisis
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17
Q

blood tests in secondary hyperpararthyroidism

A

low calcium
high phosphate
low vit D

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18
Q

what can be seen in urine in those of loop diuretics

A

hyaline casts

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19
Q

most common type of glomeruloneprhtiris in adults

A

membranous

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20
Q

renal biopsy on minimal change nephropthy

A

normal glomeruli on light microscopy

21
Q

pathophysiology of minimal change disease

A

polyanion loss in GBM - leads to increased glomerular permeability to serum albumin

22
Q

symptoms of nephritic syndrome

A

proteinuria, hypertension, oliguria, haematuria

23
Q

causes of nephritic syndrome

A 
glomerulonephritis 
iga nephropathy (bergers)
alports 
post strep 
membranoproliferative
24
Q

what can be mixed nephritic and nephrotic

A

diffuse proliferative glomeruloneprhit

membranoprolfierative glomerulonephritis

25
Q

ABG in mesenteric infarct

A

metabolic acidosis

26
Q

what is glucose requirement

A

50-100d/day

27
Q

causes of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

A

goodpastures
wegners
sle
microscopic polyartritis

28
Q

what is seen in the microscope of rapidly progressive glomeruloneprhtiis

A

cresenteric

29
Q

signs of uraemia

A

encephalopathy

pericariditis

30
Q

metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

A

addisons, bicarb loss, chloride, drugs

31
Q

metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

A

aspirin overdose

lactic acidosis

32
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

persistan vomiting

33
Q

complications of renal transplant

A

post op
hyperacute acute rejection
acute graft failure
chronic graft failure

34
Q

side effects of EPO

A 
encephalopathy
siezures 
bone aches 
urticaria 
pure red cell aplasia 
hTN
35
Q

screening test for PKD

A

US abdominal

36
Q

diagnosing reflux nephropathy

A

micuturating cystography

37
Q

diuretic for ascites

A

spironolactone

38
Q

prognosis of HSP

A

full renal recovery

39
Q

main cause of death in harm-dialysis

A

CVD

40
Q

main benefit of EPO injections

A

improved exercise tolerance

41
Q

appearence of kidneys in CKD

A

bilaterally small

42
Q

appearance of kidneys in diabetic nephropathy

A

bilaterally small

43
Q

main organism in peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis

A

staphylococcus epidermidis

44
Q

causes to fail to respond to EPO therapy

A

iron deficiency

45
Q

symptoms of HSP

A 
palpable purpuric rash
abdominal pain
polyarthritis
haematuria 
renal failure due to IgA nephropathy
46
Q

treatment of HSP

A

analgesia for arthralgia
supportive
(can use steroids and immunosuppressants)

47
Q

what do you need to diagnose CKD1/2

A

supportive evidence alongside eGFR

48
Q

urine sodium in pre renal uraemia vs ATN

A

low in pre renal

high in ATN

49
Q

hereditary haemochromatosis affect on kidneys

A

diabetes insipidus

phase 4 (19 decks)

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