nephrology passmed

Question 1

how to prevent contrast induced nephropathy

Answer 1

volume expansion with nacl pre and post procedure

Question 2

kidney disease in SLE

Answer 2

membranous glomerulonephritis (nephrotic syndrome)

Question 3

nephrotic syndrome treatment in children

Answer 3

steroids

Question 4

cause of acute interstitial nephritis

Answer 4

drugs

autoimmune SLE, sarcoidossis, sjogrens

Question 5

investigations in acute interstitial nephritis

Answer 5

sterile pyuria

white cell casts

Question 6

what is the potassium requirement for fluids

Answer 6

1mmol/kg/day

Question 7

how much fluids should be prescibres

Answer 7

25-30mmol/kg/day

Question 8

eGFR variables

Answer 8

CAGE
creatinine
age
gender
ethnicity 

pregnancy, muscle mass and red meat can affect result

Question 9

what is the first indicator of diabetic nephropathy

Answer 9

microalbuminaemia

there do ACR on a spot urine sample and if abnormal do a first pas morning urine specimen

Question 10

treatment of diabetic nephropathy

Answer 10

blood pressure proteinuria control with ACE-I or ARB

Question 11

complications of large volumes of NaCl

Answer 11

hypercholaremic metabolic acidosis

fluidoverload

Question 12

what fluid should be avoided in hyperkaelaemia

Answer 12

Hartmann’s

Question 13

investigation for painless haematuria

Answer 13

cystoscopy

Question 14

function of calcium gluconate

Answer 14

myocardium stabilisation

Question 15

treatment of hyperkalaemia

Answer 15

IV calcium gluconate
insulin/dextrose infusion
neb salbuatmol
calcium resonium 
loop diuretics 
dialysis

Question 16

complications of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 16

VTE - due to loss of anti thrombin III
CV disease
anaemia
acute renal failure
hypovolaemic crisis

Question 17

blood tests in secondary hyperpararthyroidism

Answer 17

low calcium
high phosphate
low vit D

Question 18

what can be seen in urine in those of loop diuretics

Answer 18

hyaline casts

Question 19

most common type of glomeruloneprhtiris in adults

Answer 19

membranous

Question 20

renal biopsy on minimal change nephropthy

Answer 20

normal glomeruli on light microscopy

Question 21

pathophysiology of minimal change disease

Answer 21

polyanion loss in GBM - leads to increased glomerular permeability to serum albumin

Question 22

symptoms of nephritic syndrome

Answer 22

proteinuria, hypertension, oliguria, haematuria

Question 23

causes of nephritic syndrome

Answer 23

glomerulonephritis 
iga nephropathy (bergers)
alports 
post strep 
membranoproliferative

Question 24

what can be mixed nephritic and nephrotic

Answer 24

diffuse proliferative glomeruloneprhit

membranoprolfierative glomerulonephritis

Question 25

ABG in mesenteric infarct

Answer 25

metabolic acidosis

Question 26

what is glucose requirement

Answer 26

50-100d/day

Question 27

causes of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Answer 27

goodpastures wegners sle microscopic polyartritis

Question 28

what is seen in the microscope of rapidly progressive glomeruloneprhtiis

Answer 28

cresenteric

Question 29

signs of uraemia

Answer 29

encephalopathy | pericariditis

Question 30

metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

Answer 30

addisons, bicarb loss, chloride, drugs

Question 31

metabolic acidosis with raised anion gap

Answer 31

aspirin overdose | lactic acidosis

Question 32

causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 32

persistan vomiting

Question 33

complications of renal transplant

Answer 33

post op hyperacute acute rejection acute graft failure chronic graft failure

Question 34

side effects of EPO

Answer 34

``` encephalopathy siezures bone aches urticaria pure red cell aplasia hTN ```

Question 35

screening test for PKD

Answer 35

US abdominal

Question 36

diagnosing reflux nephropathy

Answer 36

micuturating cystography

Question 37

diuretic for ascites

Answer 37

spironolactone

Question 38

prognosis of HSP

Answer 38

full renal recovery

Question 39

main cause of death in harm-dialysis

Answer 39

CVD

Question 40

main benefit of EPO injections

Answer 40

improved exercise tolerance

Question 41

appearence of kidneys in CKD

Answer 41

bilaterally small

Question 42

appearance of kidneys in diabetic nephropathy

Answer 42

bilaterally small

Question 43

main organism in peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis

Answer 43

staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 44

causes to fail to respond to EPO therapy

Answer 44

iron deficiency

Question 45

symptoms of HSP

Answer 45

``` palpable purpuric rash abdominal pain polyarthritis haematuria renal failure due to IgA nephropathy ```

Question 46

treatment of HSP

Answer 46

analgesia for arthralgia supportive (can use steroids and immunosuppressants)

Question 47

what do you need to diagnose CKD1/2

Answer 47

supportive evidence alongside eGFR

Question 48

urine sodium in pre renal uraemia vs ATN

Answer 48

low in pre renal | high in ATN

Question 49

hereditary haemochromatosis affect on kidneys

Answer 49

diabetes insipidus