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phase 4 > ECGs > Flashcards

ECGs Flashcards

1
Q

how to work out rate

A

300/big sqaures

or no. of big complex x6

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2
Q

how to look at rhythm

A

p waves present?
every p followed by QRS?
regular RR?

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3
Q

axis of ECG

A

reaching in 1 and 3 = right

leaving in 1 and 3 = left

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4
Q

what makes a regular rhythm

A

p wave followed by a QRS wave

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5
Q

causes of regularly irregularly rhythm

A 
sinus arrhythmia (ectopics)
wenckebach/motibz 1 = progressively lengthening PR until one dropped
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6
Q

causes of irregularly irregular rhythm

A

AF

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7
Q

causes of absent p waves

A

AF

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8
Q

causes of dissociated p waves

A

complete heart block

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9
Q

causes of p mitrale

A

(bifid p waves) LAH = AS, MR, MS

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10
Q

causes of p pulmonale

A

(peaked p waves) RAH = pulmonary HTN and COPD

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11
Q

causes of prolonged PR

A

heart block

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12
Q

what is the normal PR

A

0.12-0.2

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13
Q

causes of shorted PR

A

WPW, HOCM

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14
Q

causes of depressed PR

A

pericarditis

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15
Q

what is the normal QRS

A

0.12

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16
Q

cause of wide QRS

A

BBB

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17
Q

cause of narrow QRS

A

SVT

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18
Q

cause of pathological q waves

A

full thickness MI

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19
Q

cause of an elevated ST

A

> 1mm
STEMI
prizmentals angina
pericarditis (saddle shape)

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20
Q

cause of depressed ST

A

> 0.5mm
ischaemia (flat)
digoxin (down sloping)
MI

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21
Q

cause of tall T waves

A

hyperkalaemia

MI

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22
Q

cause of flat/inverted T waves

A

hypokalaemia
MI
BBB
anxiety, smoking, tachycardia, haemorrhage, shock

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23
Q

when can inverted T wave be normal

A

V1, V2, aVR

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24
Q

what does RR measure

A

ventricular rate

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25
Q

causes of short QT

A

digoxin, BB, phenytoin

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26
Q

cause of long QT

A 
TIMME
toxins (macrolides, TCAs, antiarrhytmias)
inherited
ischaemia
myocarditis/MVP
electrolytes = low Mg, K, Ca
hypothermia
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27
Q

causes of osborne/j waves

A

hypothermia
SAH
hypercalcaemia

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28
Q

what is the trio criteria for acute coronary syndrome

A

chest pain
ecg change
cardiac markers

29
Q

ecg change in acute coronary syndrome

A

ST elevation >1mm in 2 contiguous leads with reciprocal ST depression and new LBBB

30
Q

what is the p wave

A

atrial depolarisation

31
Q

what is the PR interval

A

time it takes for electrical activity to move from atria to ventricles

32
Q

what is the QRS

A

depolarisation of ventricles

33
Q

what is the QT

A

time for the ventricle depolarisation and repolarisation

34
Q

what is T wave

A

repolarisation of ventricles

35
Q

what is the ST

A

time between depolarisation of ventricles and depolarisation of ventricles

36
Q

artery involved for lateral

A

left circumflex

37
Q

artery involved in anterior

A

left anterior descending

38
Q

artery involved in inferior

A

right coronary artery

39
Q

ECG in AF

A

tachycardia
irregularly irregular
absent p waves

40
Q

causes of LBBB

A

CAD, HTN, HF, LVH

41
Q

causes of RBBB

A

RVH, IHD, rheumatic heart disease, Fallots

42
Q

what is 1st degree heart block

A

PR >200 but always followed by QRS

43
Q

treatment of 1st degree heart block

A

benign - its just a delayed impulse

44
Q

what is 2nd degree heart block mobitz 1 wenckebach

A

Progressively increasing PR until one p wave is not conducted

45
Q

treatment of 2nd degree HB mobitz 1

A

only treat if Sx

if Sx - use atropine
pacemaking is rare

46
Q

what is 2nd degree heart block mobitz 2

A

Constant PR then non conducted p wave

Usually 2:1 or 3:1 block

47
Q

treatment of 2 degree heart block mobitz 2

A

pacemaker as more likely to be haemodynamically compromised

48
Q

what is 3rd degree heart block

A

P waves and QRS waves independent of each other

49
Q

treatment of 3rd degree heart block

A

urgent cardiac monitoring and pacemaker insertion

50
Q

ECG in LBBB

A

Wide QRS >120
Top notched M in v5/6
T wave inversion in lateral leads
V1 – dominant s wave

51
Q

treatment of LBBB

A

thrombolysis

52
Q

ECG in RBBB

A

Wide QRS
RSR pattern in v1– up first
wide slurred s in lateral leads

53
Q

what is a bifascicular block

A

RBBB+LAD

54
Q

what is trifascicular block

A

RBBB+LAFB+1st degree AV block

55
Q

treatment of RBBB

A

invasive coronary angioplasty, treatment of HTN and Dmx

56
Q

causes of AF

A 
PIRATES
PE
ischaemia
respiratory
atrial enlargement (VSD, MS, MR) as alters muscle and causes defective atrial contraction 
thyroid
ethanol
sepsis
57
Q

ECG in VF

A

shapeless, rapid oscillations, no organised complexes

58
Q

ECG in flutter

A

tachycardia
saw tooth
normal QRS

59
Q

ECG in WPW

A

delta wave
wide QRS
short PR

60
Q

ECG in VT

A

monomorphic

61
Q

ECG in torsades de pointes

A

polymorphic, similar to VT

62
Q

ECG in Brugada

A

coved ST elevation v1-v3

RBBB

63
Q

ECG in digoxin toxicity

A

reverse tick
down sloping ST depression
T wave inversion

64
Q

ECG in PE

A

tachycardia
AF
S1Q3T3 - deep s wave in lead 1 , q wave in lead 3, t wave inversion in lead 3

65
Q

ECG in hyperkalaemia

A

tall tented t waves
wide QRS
absent p waves

66
Q

ECG in hypokalaemia

A

flat t wave
St depression
prolonged QT
u wave

67
Q

ECG in bradycardia

A

<60bpm

68
Q

what is a capture beat

A

SAN transiently captures ventricles to produce normal QRS

phase 4 (19 decks)

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