Nephrology

Question 1

Reduction in urine volume that suggests AKI

Answer 1

Urine output reduction of <0.5 ml/kg/hr for >6 hours

Question 2

CKD causes with enlarged kidneys on UTZ:

Answer 2

DM Nephropathy
HIVAN
Amyloidosis
Polycystic kidney disease

Question 3

Leading cause of morbidity and mortality at every stage of CKD

Answer 3

Cardiovascular disease

Question 4

Single dose treatment of uncomplicated cystitis

Answer 4

Fosfomycin

Question 5

Recommended treatment duration for pyelonephritis

Answer 5

14 days

Question 6

Most common causes of GN worldwide (2)

Answer 6

Malaria, schistosomiasis (S. mansoni)

Question 7

Potent risk factor for CV events and death in patients with type 2 diabetes

Answer 7

Microalbuminuria

Question 8

Key urinalysis finding in nephritic syndrome

Answer 8

RBC cast

Question 9

Triad of heavy metal (lead) nephropathy

Answer 9

Saturnine gout, HPN, renal insufficiency

Question 10

Four key clinical features of nephritic syndrome:

Answer 10

Oliguria
Hematuria
HPN
Azotemia
(OHHA)

Question 11

Four key clinical features of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 11

Edema
Proteinuria >3.5 g/day or PCR >3500 mg/g
Hypoalbuminemia
Hyperlipidemia
(EPAL)

Question 12

Most clinically important inhibitor of calcium containing stones

Answer 12

Urine citrate

Question 13

Polyuria is a 24 hour urine output of greater than:

Answer 13

3000 mL

Question 14

Nocturia is clinically significant if it is at least ____ per night

Answer 14

2 episodes

Question 15

Supplement in CKD shown to delay onset of uremia and initiation of dialysis

Answer 15

Ketoanalogues of amino acids

Question 16

2 strongest risk factors for death and morbidity in CKD patients

Answer 16

LVH and dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 17

Deposition on this lesion is where majority of calcium oxalate stones grow

Answer 17

Randall’s plaque

Question 18

Most common metabolic abnormality related to nephrolithiasis

Answer 18

Hypercalciuria

Question 19

Stones greater or equal to __ mm are unlikely to pass spontaneously

Answer 19

6 mm

Question 20

MC symptom of PCKD

Answer 20

Back/flank pain

Question 21

MC extrarenal complication of PCKD

Answer 21

Liver cysts

Question 22

Most common form of RTA, seen in DMKD, SLE, NSAID use, sickle cell anemia, amyloidosis

Answer 22

Type 4

Question 23

Causes of High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 23

MUDPILES
Methanol
Uremia
DKA
Paraldehyde
Iron or INH
Lactate
Ethylene Glycol
Salicylate

Question 24

Definition of AKI

Answer 24

1. Rise in baseline of SCr >0.3mg/dL over 48 hrs or at least 50% in 1 wk
2. Urine output of <0.5 ml/kg/hr for more than 6h

Question 25

Contraindications to renal biopsy

Answer 25

Bilaterally small kidneys, uncontrolled hypertension, bleeding diathesis, active UTI, severe obesity

Question 26

Causes of anemia in CKD

Answer 26

``` Erythropoietin deficiency Diminished RBC survival Bleeding diathesis Iron deficiency Hyperparathyroidism/bone marrow fibrosis Chronic inflammation Folate or vit B12 deficiency Hemoglobinopathy Comorbid conditions (hypo/hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, HIV-associated disease, autoimmune disease, immunosuppressive drugs) ```

Question 27

The most clinically important inhibitor of calcium-containing stones

Answer 27

Urine citrate

Question 28

Preferred treatment for cystine stones

Answer 28

Tiopronin

Question 29

Most common cause of hypercalcemia

Answer 29

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 30

Over correction of hyponatremia is defined as:

Answer 30

>8-10 mM in 24 hrs or 18 mM in 48 hrs

Question 31

For prevention of kidney stones, urinary volume should be at least ____L/day

Answer 31

2L/day

Question 32

Stage of CKD where neuropathy usually becomes clinically evident

Answer 32

Stage 4

Question 33

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults

Answer 33

FSGS

Question 34

Autoantibody associated with development of scleroderma renal crisis

Answer 34

Anti-RNA polymerase III

Question 35

First line therapy in scleroderma renal crisis

Answer 35

Treatment with ACE inhibitor

Question 36

Has the most varied course of lupus nephritis (Class?)

Answer 36

Class III lupus nephritis

Question 37

Triad of heavy metal (lead) nephropathy

Answer 37

Saturnine gout, hypertension, renal failure

Question 38

Mainstay of treatment for cystinuria

Answer 38

Hydration to maintain urine output of 2.5L/day

Question 39

Gitelman syndrome is distinguished from most forms of Bartters by presence of (2)

Answer 39

Sever hyponagnasenia, hypocalciuria