Nephrology Flashcards
Reduction in urine volume that suggests AKI
Urine output reduction of <0.5 ml/kg/hr for >6 hours
CKD causes with enlarged kidneys on UTZ:
DM Nephropathy
HIVAN
Amyloidosis
Polycystic kidney disease
Leading cause of morbidity and mortality at every stage of CKD
Cardiovascular disease
Single dose treatment of uncomplicated cystitis
Fosfomycin
Recommended treatment duration for pyelonephritis
14 days
Most common causes of GN worldwide (2)
Malaria, schistosomiasis (S. mansoni)
Potent risk factor for CV events and death in patients with type 2 diabetes
Microalbuminuria
Key urinalysis finding in nephritic syndrome
RBC cast
Triad of heavy metal (lead) nephropathy
Saturnine gout, HPN, renal insufficiency
Four key clinical features of nephritic syndrome:
Oliguria Hematuria HPN Azotemia (OHHA)
Four key clinical features of nephrotic syndrome
Edema Proteinuria >3.5 g/day or PCR >3500 mg/g Hypoalbuminemia Hyperlipidemia (EPAL)
Most clinically important inhibitor of calcium containing stones
Urine citrate
Polyuria is a 24 hour urine output of greater than:
3000 mL
Nocturia is clinically significant if it is at least ____ per night
2 episodes
Supplement in CKD shown to delay onset of uremia and initiation of dialysis
Ketoanalogues of amino acids
2 strongest risk factors for death and morbidity in CKD patients
LVH and dilated cardiomyopathy
Deposition on this lesion is where majority of calcium oxalate stones grow
Randall’s plaque
Most common metabolic abnormality related to nephrolithiasis
Hypercalciuria
Stones greater or equal to __ mm are unlikely to pass spontaneously
6 mm
MC symptom of PCKD
Back/flank pain
MC extrarenal complication of PCKD
Liver cysts
Most common form of RTA, seen in DMKD, SLE, NSAID use, sickle cell anemia, amyloidosis
Type 4
Causes of High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
MUDPILES Methanol Uremia DKA Paraldehyde Iron or INH Lactate Ethylene Glycol Salicylate
Definition of AKI
- Rise in baseline of SCr >0.3mg/dL over 48 hrs or at least 50% in 1 wk
- Urine output of <0.5 ml/kg/hr for more than 6h
Contraindications to renal biopsy
Bilaterally small kidneys, uncontrolled hypertension, bleeding diathesis, active UTI, severe obesity
Causes of anemia in CKD
Erythropoietin deficiency Diminished RBC survival Bleeding diathesis Iron deficiency Hyperparathyroidism/bone marrow fibrosis Chronic inflammation Folate or vit B12 deficiency Hemoglobinopathy Comorbid conditions (hypo/hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, HIV-associated disease, autoimmune disease, immunosuppressive drugs)
The most clinically important inhibitor of calcium-containing stones
Urine citrate
Preferred treatment for cystine stones
Tiopronin
Most common cause of hypercalcemia
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Over correction of hyponatremia is defined as:
> 8-10 mM in 24 hrs or 18 mM in 48 hrs
For prevention of kidney stones, urinary volume should be at least ____L/day
2L/day
Stage of CKD where neuropathy usually becomes clinically evident
Stage 4
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults
FSGS
Autoantibody associated with development of scleroderma renal crisis
Anti-RNA polymerase III
First line therapy in scleroderma renal crisis
Treatment with ACE inhibitor
Has the most varied course of lupus nephritis (Class?)
Class III lupus nephritis
Triad of heavy metal (lead) nephropathy
Saturnine gout, hypertension, renal failure
Mainstay of treatment for cystinuria
Hydration to maintain urine output of 2.5L/day
Gitelman syndrome is distinguished from most forms of Bartters by presence of (2)
Sever hyponagnasenia, hypocalciuria
