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IM Recall Stuff > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

Reduction in urine volume that suggests AKI

A

Urine output reduction of <0.5 ml/kg/hr for >6 hours

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2
Q

CKD causes with enlarged kidneys on UTZ:

A

DM Nephropathy
HIVAN
Amyloidosis
Polycystic kidney disease

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3
Q

Leading cause of morbidity and mortality at every stage of CKD

A

Cardiovascular disease

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4
Q

Single dose treatment of uncomplicated cystitis

A

Fosfomycin

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5
Q

Recommended treatment duration for pyelonephritis

A

14 days

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6
Q

Most common causes of GN worldwide (2)

A

Malaria, schistosomiasis (S. mansoni)

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7
Q

Potent risk factor for CV events and death in patients with type 2 diabetes

A

Microalbuminuria

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8
Q

Key urinalysis finding in nephritic syndrome

A

RBC cast

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9
Q

Triad of heavy metal (lead) nephropathy

A

Saturnine gout, HPN, renal insufficiency

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10
Q

Four key clinical features of nephritic syndrome:

A 
Oliguria
Hematuria
HPN
Azotemia
(OHHA)
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11
Q

Four key clinical features of nephrotic syndrome

A 
Edema
Proteinuria >3.5 g/day or PCR >3500 mg/g
Hypoalbuminemia
Hyperlipidemia
(EPAL)
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12
Q

Most clinically important inhibitor of calcium containing stones

A

Urine citrate

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13
Q

Polyuria is a 24 hour urine output of greater than:

A

3000 mL

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14
Q

Nocturia is clinically significant if it is at least ____ per night

A

2 episodes

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15
Q

Supplement in CKD shown to delay onset of uremia and initiation of dialysis

A

Ketoanalogues of amino acids

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16
Q

2 strongest risk factors for death and morbidity in CKD patients

A

LVH and dilated cardiomyopathy

17
Q

Deposition on this lesion is where majority of calcium oxalate stones grow

A

Randall’s plaque

18
Q

Most common metabolic abnormality related to nephrolithiasis

A

Hypercalciuria

19
Q

Stones greater or equal to __ mm are unlikely to pass spontaneously

A

6 mm

20
Q

MC symptom of PCKD

A

Back/flank pain

21
Q

MC extrarenal complication of PCKD

A

Liver cysts

22
Q

Most common form of RTA, seen in DMKD, SLE, NSAID use, sickle cell anemia, amyloidosis

A

Type 4

23
Q

Causes of High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

A 
MUDPILES
Methanol
Uremia
DKA
Paraldehyde
Iron or INH
Lactate
Ethylene Glycol
Salicylate
24
Q

Definition of AKI

A
  1. Rise in baseline of SCr >0.3mg/dL over 48 hrs or at least 50% in 1 wk
  2. Urine output of <0.5 ml/kg/hr for more than 6h
25
Q

Contraindications to renal biopsy

A

Bilaterally small kidneys, uncontrolled hypertension, bleeding diathesis, active UTI, severe obesity

26
Q

Causes of anemia in CKD

A 
Erythropoietin deficiency
Diminished RBC survival
Bleeding diathesis
Iron deficiency
Hyperparathyroidism/bone marrow fibrosis
Chronic inflammation
Folate or vit B12 deficiency
Hemoglobinopathy
Comorbid conditions (hypo/hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, HIV-associated disease, autoimmune disease, immunosuppressive drugs)
27
Q

The most clinically important inhibitor of calcium-containing stones

A

Urine citrate

28
Q

Preferred treatment for cystine stones

A

Tiopronin

29
Q

Most common cause of hypercalcemia

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

30
Q

Over correction of hyponatremia is defined as:

A

> 8-10 mM in 24 hrs or 18 mM in 48 hrs

31
Q

For prevention of kidney stones, urinary volume should be at least ____L/day

A

2L/day

32
Q

Stage of CKD where neuropathy usually becomes clinically evident

A

Stage 4

33
Q

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults

A

FSGS

34
Q

Autoantibody associated with development of scleroderma renal crisis

A

Anti-RNA polymerase III

35
Q

First line therapy in scleroderma renal crisis

A

Treatment with ACE inhibitor

36
Q

Has the most varied course of lupus nephritis (Class?)

A

Class III lupus nephritis

37
Q

Triad of heavy metal (lead) nephropathy

A

Saturnine gout, hypertension, renal failure

38
Q

Mainstay of treatment for cystinuria

A

Hydration to maintain urine output of 2.5L/day

39
Q

Gitelman syndrome is distinguished from most forms of Bartters by presence of (2)

A

Sever hyponagnasenia, hypocalciuria

IM Recall Stuff (13 decks)

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