Infectious Diseases Flashcards by Zoe Fernandez

Most common manifestation of salmonella infection

Enterocolitis

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Empiric treatment of choice for typhoid fever

Ceftriaxone and azithromycin

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Result of Lepto-MAT that is confirmatory for leptospirosis

4-fold rise in titers

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Most infectious stage of syphilis

Secondary syphilis

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Most accurate test in primary syphilis:

Darkfield microscopy

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Treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria

Artemisin-based combination therapy

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Drug of choice for severe malaria

Artesunate

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Treatment for uncomplicated falciparum infection in first trimester:

Quinine + Clindamycin

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Duration which the antimalarial prophylaxis should be taken

2 days - 2 weeks before departure up to 4 weeks after the traveler has left the area

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Warning signs of dengue

Abdominal pain/tenderness
Persistent vomiting
Clinical fluid accumulation
Mucosal bleed
Lethargy, restlessness
Liver enlargement >2cm
Increase in hematocrit concurrent with rapid decrease in platelet count

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Earliest CBC abnormality in dengue fever

Progressive decrease in total WBC count

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3 Phases of Dengue:

Febrile phase (Day 2-7)
Critical phase (Day 3-7)
Recovery phase

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Features of Katayama disease

Occurs 4-8 weeks after the skin invasion

Symptoms include fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, high degree of eosinophilia

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Best indicator of immediate state of immunologic competence in HIV

CD4 T cell count

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Infection wherein a diffuse maculopapular eruption appears over the trunk and neck, resolving in 2 days

Roseola

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Name the disease: Genital ulcer that starts as a papule, base is red and velvety, lesion is elevated, bleeds readily, with firm induration, pain is common, with no lymphadenopathy; incubation period of 1-4 weeks:

Donovanosis

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Name the disease: Genital ulcer starts as a papule, vesicle, or pustule, with prominent tender lymphadenopathy which may suppurate - usually unilateral; incubation period of 3 days-6 weeks:

Lymphogranuloma venereum

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Name the disease: Genital ulcer starts as a pustule, lesions are usually multiple and may coalesce, base is purulent and bleeds easily, lesion is usually very tender, and lymphadenopathy is usually tender, unilateral, and may suppurate:

Chancroid

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Treatment of choice for mild leptospirosis

Doxycycline

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Treatment of choice for severe leptospirosis

Penicillin G

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Treatment for HIV should start with all pregnant women with HIV, occurrence of an AIDS-defining illness, HIVAN, and at CD4 counts of:

<350

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AIDS is defined as having a CD4 count of less than:

200

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Best long-term clinical predictor of outcome in HIV infection:

Plasma viral load

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Most common neurologic syndrome in HIV-AIDS

AIDS-dementia complex

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Most common route of spread of HIV worldwide

Heterosexual

Most common opportunistic HIV infection

Tuberculosis

Most common presentation of M. avium in HIV

Disseminated disease (with fever, weight loss, night sweats)

Most common CXR pattern in M. avium infection

Bilateral lower lobe infiltrate suggestive of miliary spread

Most common form of heart disease in HIV

Coronary artery disease

Most common cause of pancreatic injury in HIV

Drug toxicity

Most common presentation of syphilis in HIV

Condyloma lata

Most common etiologic causes of focal neurologic deficits in HIV:

Toxoplasmosis PML CNS lymphoma

Most common abnormality seen in fundoscopy in HIV

Cotton wool spots

Leading infectious cause of meningitis in HIV

Cryptococcus neoformans

Hyperpyrexia is a temperature of ____ and above

41.5C

Max normal oral temp at 6 AM? 4 PM?

37.2; 37.7 C

Normal daily temperature variation

0.5C

Rectal temperatures are generally higher than oral temperatures by ____

0.4C

Most common infectious FUO in elderly

Criteria for FUO (4)

1) Fever of 38.3 and above on at least 2 occasions 2) Illness duration of 3 weeks or more 3) No known immunocompromised state 4) Uncertain diagnoses even after thorough history, PE, labs

Pathologic phase of pneumonia where the neutrophil is the predominant cell

Grey hepatization

Major risk factor for primary lung abscess

Aspiration

Tx for primary lung abscess (2)

1. CLINDAMYCIN 600mg IV Q8 or | 2. B-lactam/B-lactamase combination

This has surpassed TB as the most important infectious cause of adrenal insufficiency

HIV

NBTE resulting from a hypergoagulable state seen in malignancy and other chronic diseases leads to ______ endocaditis

Marantic

Virus and strep, enterococci, CoNS, HACEK cause ______ endocarditis

Subacute endocarditis

This is primarily what determines the temporal course of endocarditis

Causative microorganism

Most frequent clinical feature of IE

Fever

Septic emboli in IE is common in patients with this causative organism

S. Aureus

Treatment for enterococcal IE:

Penicillin/Ampicillin/Vancomycin + Gentamicin for 4-6 weeks

Tx for IE in moderately penicillin resistant Streptococci

Penicillin/Ceftriaxone + Gentamicin for 6 weeks Or Vancomycin

The major indication for cardiac surgery in IE

Moderate to severe refractory CHF caused by new or worsening valve dysfunction or intracardiac fistulae

Pathognomonic for ciguatera poisoning

Reversal of hot and cold perception

Treatment for scombroid poisoning

Antihistamines

Empiric treatment for bacterial meningitis

Ceftriaxone 2g Q12 + Vancomycin 15mg/kg Q12

Treatment for brain abscess, empirical

Ceftriaxone + vancomycin + metronidazole

Antibiotic of choice for meningococccal meningitis

Penicillin

For every 1C increase in temperature, heart rate increases by:

15-20 bpm

Most common way for microorganisms to gain access to the lower respiratory tract:

Aspiration from the oropharynx

Most common route for infection in septic arthritis

Hematogenous

Most common site of osteomyelitis in adults

Vertebral column

In adults, primary bacterial peritonitis most commonly occurs in conjunction with which disease?

Liver cirrhosis

Most common manifestation of primary bacterial peritonitis:

Fever

Most common primary manifestation of liver abscess:

Fever

Mainstay of therapy for liver abscesses

Drainage

Most common etiologic agent associated with outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis

Norovirus

Most common manifestation of C. difficile infection

Diarrhea

Most common cause of genital ulceration in developing countries

Genital herpes

Most common cause of epidemic encephalitis

West Nile virus

Most common cause of sporadic encephalitis

Herpes simplex virus 1

Most common cause of meningitis in adults >20 years old

S. pneumoniae

Most common cause of viral meningitis

Enteroviruses

Cranial nerve palsies are more common in ______ meningitis than other viral infections

HIV meningitis

Most common complication of fungal meningitis

Hydrocephalus

Most common localizing sign of a frontal lobe abscess

Hemiparesis

Most common parasitic disease of the CNS worldwide

Neurocysticercosis

Most common adverse effects of beta lactams

Hypersensitivity reactions

The most common pneumococcal syndrome

Otitis media

Most common cause of septic arthritis in native joints

S. aureus

Most common cause of bacterial endocarditis

Viridans streptococci

Preferred antibiotic therapy for tetanus

Metronidazole

Most common cause of death in tetanus

Respiratory failure

Most common form of infection with N. meningitidis

Asymptomatic carriage of organism in the nasopharynx

Death from meningococcal disease is most commonly due to:

Hypovolemic shock

Most common complication of meningococcal disease

Scarring after necrosis of purpuric lesions

The most common bacterial cause of COPD exacerbations

Nontypable H. influenzae

Death from meningococcal disease is most commonly due to:

Hypovolemic shock

Most common complication of meningococcal disease

Scarring after necrosis of purpuric lesions

The most common bacterial cause of COPD exacerbations

Nontypable H. influenzae

In sexually active men under age 35, acute epididymitis is caused most frequently by:

C. trachomatis

Treatment for neurosyphilis

Aqueous penicillin G

Drug of choice for rocky mountain spotted fever

Doxycycline

Drug of choice for treatment of aspergillosis

Voriconazole

Drug of choice for radical cure of P. vivax infections

Primaquine

Gold standard of diagnosing each type of osteomyelitis

MRI

Threshold of bacteriuria in CA-UTI

CFU 10^3/mL of urine

Threshold of bacteriuria in ASB (including CA-ASB)

CFU 10^5/mL of urine

Minimal level of bacteriuria indicating infection in men

CFU 10^3/mL of urine

Gold standard of diagnosis of a P. aeruginosa otitis externa

Positive technetium-99 bone scan

Components of the Cushing reflex (3)

Bradycardia, hypertension, irregular respirations

Most common adverse reaction of significance among those treated for drug-susceptible TB

Hepatitis