Cardiology Flashcards
Well’s score indicating of high likelihood of VTE
3
Pulmonary embolism 2D Echo finding
McConnell’s sign or hypokinesis of free RV wall
Gold standard for diagnosis of PE
Invasive pulmonary angiogram
Drug that should be avoided in aortic regurgitation
Beta blockers
This prolongs diastole, which is the period where regurgitation occurs
Earliest CXR finding of mitral stenosis
Straightening of upper left border of cardiac silhouette
Onset of _____ is the hallmark of disease progression in MS
Atrial fibrillation
Most effective treatment for MS
Balloon valvuloplasty
What is the average time of death after these following symptoms appear in aortic stenosis?
Syncope: ___
Angina pectoris: ____
Dyspnea: _____
Syncope: 3 years
Angina: 3 years
Dyspnea: 2 years
Treatment of choice for aortic regurgitation:
Surgery within 24 hours of diagnosis
Most common presenting symptoms of chronic, severe MR
Fatigue, orthopnea, dyspnea
High-pitched diastolic decrescendo blowing murmur at LSB seen in pulmonary stenosis but can be caused by pulmo HPN as well:
Graham-Steele Murmur
Chest pain types with the least likelihood of MI (from least likelihood going upwards)
Pleuritic pain -> Positional -> Sharp -> Reproducible with palpation -> Inframammary location
Unifying theme of atherogenesis
Inflammation
LDL goal for proven CAD
<100
LDL goal for DM
<70
Do not give nitrates if sildenafil has been given in the past ____ hours
24 hours
The 2 first line medications for angina:
Beta blockers
ACE inhibitors
Intervention of choice for single or two-vessel CAD with normal LV function
PCI
Intervention of choice for left main artery CAD
CABG
First cardiac marker to rise in MI
Myoglobin
In MI, CK rises in _____ hours and returns to normal in _____ hours
Rises in 4-8 hours
Returns to normal in 48-72 hours
Streptokinase is given as:
1.5M units IV over 1 hour
Clear contraindications to fibrinolytic therapy:
- Cerebrovascular hemorrhage at any time
- Ischemic stroke or other cerebrovascular event in the past year
- BP 180/110 mmHg or higher
- Aortic dissection
- Active internal bleeding
Most common cause of diastolic HF (HFpEF)
Hypertension
Most common cause of systolic HF (HFrEF)
Coronary artery disease
Echocardiographic finding characteristic of HCMP
Systolic anterior motion (SAM)
Most common type of cardiomyopathy
Dilated CMP
Fluid needed to produce cardiac tamponade is as little as _____
200 mL
Dilated CMP has an ejection fraction of:
<30%
Pulsus paradoxus is more likely to be seen in:
Cardiac tamponade
Kussmaul’s sign is a prominent feature of:
Constrictive pericarditis
Pericardial knock is a prominent feature of:
Constrictive pericarditis
First line for treatment of PAD (increases claudication distance and improves quality of life)
Cilostazol
Most common preventable cause of death among hospitalized patients
PE
Most common acquired cause of thrombophilia and associated with venous/arterial thrombosis
APAS
Classic signs of PE
Tachycardia, low-grade fever, neck vein distension
Most frequent symptom of PE
Dyspnea
Hallmarks of massive PE
Dyspnea, syncope, hypotension
Most common ECG abnormality in PE
T wave inversion in leads V1-V4
The only FDA-approved indication for PE fibrinolysis
Massive PE
Name the 4 statin benefit groups:
- Clinical ASCVD
- LDL-C >190 w/o secondary cause
- Primary prevention with DM: Age 40-75 nd LDL-C 70-189
- Primary prevention w/o DM: Age 40-75 with 10 year ASCVD risk of >=7.5%
Treatment agent for dyslipidemia that is a PCSK9 inhibitor
Evolocumab
Treatment agent for dyslipidemia that is a CETP inhibitor
Torcetrapib
Systolic leg pressures are usually ____ mmHg higher than the arms
20 mmHg
This scoring system predicts occurrence of stroke in AF
CHA2DS2 VASc Score
Minor criteria in Duke’s Criteria
FIVEPM Fever Immunologic Vascular ECG Predisposing condition Microbiological
In IE, the following are associated with increased embolization:
Endocarditis caused by [Organism]
Vegetations >__mm in diameter
Infections involving _____ valve
S. aureus
>10 mm diameter vegetation
Mitral valve
Most common primary malignant pericardial tumor
Mesothelioma
Most common tumor of the valves
Papillary fibroelastomas
Most common cause of HF in industrialized countries
CAD
T OR F: Dyspnea on exertion is a major criteria of Framingham.
False
Treatment options for severe chorea in RF (2)
Carbamazepine and valproic acid
Most important bedside measurement from which to evaluate fluid status
JVP
Most common cause of a midsystolic murmur in an adult
Aortic stenosis
Mainstay of treatment for control of rotatory vertigo
Low salt diet (2g/day)
2 mainstays of anti-ischemic treatment in NSTE-ACS
Nitrates, beta blockers
Drug of choice for SVT with heart disease
IV amiodarone
Drug of choice for cholesterol-lowering in children and in women of childbearing age, pregnant, or could be pregnant
Bile-acid sequestrants
Gold standard for evaluating and identifying renal artery lesions
Contrast arteriography
ABI ratio diagnostic of PAD
<0.9
Cardiovascular risk in hypertension doubles every ___mmHg increase in SBP and ____mmHg increase in DBP
20 mmHg, 10 mmHg
