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IM Recall Stuff > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

A weight-neutral anti-hyperglycemic agent

A

DDP-4 inhibitors

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2
Q

Target TG levels in diabeticts:

A

<150 mg/dL

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3
Q

First defence against hypoglycemia

A

Decrease in insulin secretion

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4
Q

Second and third defence against hypoglycemia

A

Glucagon then Epinephrine

Cortisol and GH have no role

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5
Q

Predominant ketone body in ketosis

A

B-hydroxybutyrate

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6
Q

Components of the criteria for Metabolic Syndrome

A 
Central obesity
Low HDL
Triglycerides
Hypertension >130/85
Impaired fasting glucose
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7
Q

Most common pattern of thyroid hormone elevation/decrease in sick euthyroid syndrome

A

Decreased total and unbound T3

Normal TSH and T4

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8
Q

Treatment for severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy

A

Methylprednisolone pulse therapy

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9
Q

Most common cause of acute thyroiditis in children and young adults

A

Presence of a pyriform sinus

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10
Q

Treatment for subacute thyroiditis

A

Aspirin, NSAIDs, or glucocorticoids

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11
Q

Next step in diagnosis of a thyroid nodule with low TSH:

A

Thyroid scan

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12
Q

Next step in diagnosis of a thyroid nodule with hight TSH:

A

UTZ-guided FNAB

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13
Q

Most specific UTZ finding of a malignant thyroid nodule:

A

marked hypoechogenicity

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14
Q

Most sensitive UTZ finding of a malignant thyroid nodule:

A

Solid

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15
Q

Sequential loss of pituitary hormones from compression:

A

GH -> FSH/LH -> TSH -> ACTH

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16
Q

Screening tests for the following:
GH excess
Cushings syndrome

A

GH excess - serum IGF-1

Cushing’s syndrome - 24 hr urine cortisol

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17
Q

Most common paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Hypercalcemia

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18
Q

After measuring 24hr urine cortisol in Cushing syndrome, and hypercortisolism is diagnosed, what is the next step?

A

Measure plasma ACTH

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19
Q

Confirmatory test for acromegaly

A

75g-OGTT

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20
Q

Most significant clinical impact of GH excess occurs with respect to the _______ system

A

Cardiovascular system (cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, LVH, etc.)

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21
Q

Drug is a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist that can be used to treat hyperglycemia in Cushing’s disease

A

Mifepristone

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22
Q

Drug for Cushing’s disease that inhibits cortisol synthesis at the level of 11B hydroxylation

A

Metyrapone

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23
Q

Disorder characterized by hyperpigmentation and rapid pituitary tumor enlargment due to increased ACTH

A

Nelson syndrome

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24
Q

Origin of most nonfunctioning adenomas

A

Gonadotrope cells

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25
Differentiates central vs. peripheral DI
Water deprivation test
26
There is no convincing role of infection of autoimmune thyroiditis except in:
Congenital rubella syndrome
27
Most common cause of ectopic ACTH secretion
Carcinoid lung tumor
28
Differentiate type 1a and 1b DM
1a: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells 1b: Non-autoimmune destruction of beta cells
29
Major user of postprandial glucose
Muscles
30
Ketone body preferentially detected by nitroprusside
Acetoacetate
31
Features of diabetes are not evident until
70-80% of beta cells are destroyed
32
Leading cause of blindness between ages 20-74
DM retinopathy
33
Treatment of macular edema
Focal photocoagulation
34
Diagnosis of renal insufficiency is established by:
Cosyntropin test
35
HbA1c levels suggestive of IFG
5.7-6.4%
36
Most common presenting feature of adult hypopituitarism
Hypogonadism
37
Hallmarks of hyperprolactinemia in women
Amenorrhea, galactorrhea, infertility
38
Mainstay of therapy for micro or macroprolactinomas
Dopamine agonists (Cabergoline, Bromocriptine)
39
Initial treatment for most patients with GH-secreting adenomas
Surgical resection
40
Most common cause of cushingoid features
Iatrogenic hypercortisolism
41
Most common clinical features of Cushing's (2)
Obesity + thin skin
42
Test suggestive of ACTH-secreting tumor rather than ectopic ACTH secretion
Cortisol reduction from high dose dexamethasone suppression test
43
_________ inhibits 11B hydroxylase and normalizes plasma cortisol
Metyrapone
44
Most common type of pituitary adenoma
Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas
45
Most common causes of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas (2)
Hashimoto's and iatrogenic (treatment of hyperthyroidism)
46
Most devastating complication of osteoporosis
Fracture
47
Most common early consequence of estrogen deficiency
Vertebral fracture
48
Major nonmetabolic complication of DKA treatment
Cerebral edema
49
Hallmark of proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Neovascularization
50
Most effective therapy for diabetic retinopathy
Prevention
51
Most common mononeuropathy in DM
Third cranial nerve palsy
52
Unifying hypothesis for metabolic syndrome
Insulin resistance
53
Most common cause of erectile dysfunction
Interruption of blood flow to and from the penis
54
Hormones that should be measured in erectile dysfunction: (2)
Serum testosterone Serum prolactin (PSA May be requested according to recommended clinics guidelines)
55
The ion of primary physiologic importance in pancreatic secretion:
Bicarbonate
56
Clinically important weight loss is defined as loss of _____ kg or >__% of body weight over 6-12 months
4.5 kg (10 pounds); >5%
57
Nutritional vitamin D deficiency is best assessed by serum levels of:
25 hydroxyvitamin D
58
Most common acid base disturbance in critically ill patients
Chronic respiratory alkalosis
59
Most common cause of drug induced respiratory alkalosis
Salicylates
60
Mainstay of pharmacologic therapy in Paget's disease
Bisphosphonates
61
2 types of peakless insulin
Detemir, Glargine
62
The dominant sign of pheochromocytoma
Hypertension
63
Most sensitive biochemical testing for pheochromocytoma
Plasma metanephrines
64
Gold standard for diagnosis of Wilson's disease
Liver biopsy with quantitative copper assays
65
Drug that acts by competitive inhibition of GH
Pegvisomant
66
Dominant sign in pheochromocytoma
Hypertension
67
Most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency
Autoimmune adrenalitis
68
Diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is established by
Cosyntropin test
69
2 primary bile acids
Chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid
70
Thyroglobulin levels are elevated in all cases of thyrotoxicosis except:
Thyrotoxicosis facticia

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