Nephrology

Question 1

Causes of raised anion gap metabolic acidosis and why?

Answer 1

Excess acid in blood
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis Propylene glycol
Isoniazid, Iron
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Salicylates

Question 2

What kind of acid-base imbalance is caused by diarrhoea and why?

Answer 2

Normal anion gap (acid not increased) metabolic acidosis. Loss of base.

Question 3

What kind of acid-base imbalance is caused by vomiting and why?

Answer 3

Hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis. Loss of chloride and hydrogen ion

Question 4

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Answer 4

Minimal change disease

Question 5

2 classic signs of nephrotic syndrome:

Answer 5

Oedema and proteinuria

Question 6

What does IV calcium gluconate do to electrolytes?

Answer 6

Nothing

Question 7

Pathogen that causes haemolytic uraemic syndrome and symptoms:

Answer 7

Escherichia coli (E. coli) 0157:H7. Typically presents in children with a triad of acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia. And bloody diarrhoea.

Question 8

Electrolyte alterations in rhabdomyolysis:

Answer 8

Hypocalcaemia (Ca binds myoglobin), hyperphosphataemia, metabolic acidosis.

Question 9

Most common cause of haematuria, presents acutely after an URTI:

Answer 9

IgA nephropathy