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Internal Medicine > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

Signs and symptoms of Nephrotic syndrome? (4)

A

PALE
1. >3.5g/ day proteinuria
2. Hypoalbuminemia
3. Hyperlipidemia
4. Edema

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2
Q

Male adolescent with glomerulonephritis , hearing and visual impairment and abnormal deposition of collagen in the eyes and middle ear.

A

Alport Syndrome
“Can’t see, Can’t pee, Can’t hear a Bee”

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3
Q

Average GFR of 47 year old man?

A

93ml/ min / 1.73 m2

Formula:
140- Age in yrs

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4
Q

Movement of water from places with lower sodium concentration to higher sodium concentration?

A

Osmosis

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5
Q

Chronic glomerulonephritis expected urinalysis findings ?

A
  1. Hematuria with dysmorphic RBCs
  2. RBC casts
  3. Protein excretion >500mg /d
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6
Q

Chronic glomerulonephritis expected serum findings ?

A

LDL cholesterol of 150mg/ dl

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7
Q

Minimum size of kidney stone that can block the ureter ?

A

8mm ( ureteral diameter is 5mm-8mm)

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8
Q

Most common cause of uncontrolled BP elevation in secondary hypertension?

A

Renovascular stenosis

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9
Q

Drug associated with the development of renal cell carcinoma

A
  1. Aspirin
  2. Ibuprofen
  3. Paracetamol
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10
Q

Smoking increases risk of renal cancer by how much?

A

2 times the risk

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11
Q

Although not always present , the classic pathologic term for intrinsic acute kidney injury is?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

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12
Q

Most common etiology of AKI?
a. Prerenal
b. Renal
c. Postrenal

A

Prerenal

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13
Q

Drugs that can lead to prerenal AKI?

A
  1. NSAIDs
  2. ACE Inh
  3. ARBs
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14
Q

Drugs that can lead to intrinsic AKI?

A
  1. Contrast agents
  2. Antibiotics ( Vancomycin, Aminoglycosides)
  3. Chemotherapeutic agents ( Cisplatin, Carboplatin)
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15
Q

Typical fractional excretion of Sodium ( FeNa) in prerenal AKI?

A

<1%

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16
Q

Typical BUN / Creatinine ratio in prerenal AKI?

A

> 20%

17
Q

Presence of muddy brown granular casts and tubular epithelial cells in the urine is more suggestive of what form of AKI?

A

Intrinsic AKI (especially sepsis-associated and ischemic)

18
Q

Most common clinical course of contrast nephropathy?

A
  1. Rises in SCr in 24-48 hrs
  2. Peaks in 3-5 days
  3. Resolves in 1 week
19
Q

Most common protein in urine?

A

Uromodulin or Tamm-Horsfall protein

20
Q

Most common cause of secondary hypertension?

A

Primary renal disease

21
Q

Electrolyte imbalance that lead to prolonged QT interval?

A
  1. Hypocalcemia
  2. Hypokalemia
  3. Hypomagnesemia
22
Q

Rapid correction of hyponatremia may lead to?

A

Osmotic demyelination Syndrome (ODS) , previously known as Central Pontine Myelinosis (CPM)

23
Q

Most common cause of hyponatremia?

A

GI losses in Diarrhea

24
Q

Classic ECG finding in Hyperkalemia? (4)

A
  1. Tall, peaked T waves (5.5-6.5)
  2. Loss of P waves (6.5-7.5)
  3. Widened QRS Complex (7-8)
  4. Sine wave (>8)
25
Q

Leading cause of CKD

A

Diabetic Nephropathy

26
Q

Primary cause of anemia in CKD ?

A

Insufficient production of EPO

27
Q

Target hemoglobin concentration in CKD ?

A

100-115 g/L

28
Q

CKD stage if eGFR is 30

A

Stage III B

29
Q

GFR peaks at what value during the 3rd decade of life?

A

120ml/ min / 1.73 m2

30
Q

In a px with CKD , a GFR of less than what value would indicate ed-stage renal disease and necessitate renal replacement therapy?

A

<15ml/ min / 1.73 m2

31
Q

Stage of CKD where the normocytic normochromic anemia appears?

A

As early as Stage 3 CKD , Universal by Stage 4

32
Q

Normocytic and Normochromic anemia is universal in what stage of CKD?

A

Stage 4

33
Q

Stage of CKD where assessment for peotein -energy malnutrition should begin?

A

Stage 3

34
Q

Stage of CKD where peripheral neuropathy becomes clinically evident?

A

Stage 4

35
Q

On renal ultrasound, kidneys are bilaterally small in CKD except? (4)

A
  1. Diabetic nephropathy
  2. HIV
  3. Infiltrative Disease
  4. Polycystic Kidney Disease
36
Q

Preferred antihypertensive for hypertensive patients with concomitant CKD?

A

ACE Inhibitors or ARBs

37
Q

Leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients at every stage of CKD?

A

Cardiovascular Disease

Internal Medicine (12 decks)

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