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Reproductive > Neoplasms of the Prostate > Flashcards

Neoplasms of the Prostate Flashcards

1
Q

Prostate cancer is the __ most common cause of cancer death in men

A

2nd

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2
Q

neoplasms are…

A

an abnormal growth/mass of tissue that grows faster than normal

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3
Q

neoplasms can be classified as

A

benign or malignant

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4
Q

benign neoplasm in the prostate is

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

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5
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

enlargement of the prostate, seen as a nodule, due to increased cell turnover which is normal for men >40/50

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6
Q

a malignant neoplasm in the prostate is

A

adenocarcinoma

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7
Q

How do we determine if something is benign or malignant

A

use the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and do a digital rectal exam and palpate the prostate for signs of enlargement or irregularities

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8
Q

what is prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

A

a glycoprotein that is produced by prostate epithelial cells that increases with hypertrophy

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9
Q

serum levels are normally ____ in adenocarcinoma

A

higher (>6ng/mL)

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10
Q

serum levels are normally ____ in BPH

A

higher (>4ng/mL)

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11
Q

ductal carcinoma may exhibit what kind of PSA

A

normal

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12
Q

Nodules appear where in BPH

A

transition zone (TZ)

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13
Q

nodules may do what in BPH

A

compress the urethra causing obstructive symptoms that can be seen as chronic bladder obstruction

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14
Q

signs of chronic bladder obstruction are

A

urine retention
renal insufficiency
recurrent UTI
gross hematuria
bladder calculi

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15
Q

what lobes are enlarged in BPH

A

medial and lateral lobes

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16
Q

what histological pattern is found in BPH

A

trabecular

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17
Q

is bladder calculus present in BPH

A

yes

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18
Q

Nodules can evolve in what 2 places

A

glands and stoma

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19
Q

what causes enlargement

A

activation of androgen receptors by DHT

the number of androgen receptors are increased by estrogen

causes on imbalance in cell creation and death

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20
Q

DHT inhbits what cell process

A

apoptosis

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21
Q

adenocarcinoma stems from what cells

A

luminal cells

22
Q

luminal cells do what

A

line the lumen and produce PSA or Pb and express CK8 and androgen receptors

23
Q

what are the clinical findings of adenocarcinoma of the prostate

A

nonspecific symptoms such as back pain, urine retention, urine hesitancy, and a weak stream

abnormal rectal exam

24
Q

adenocarcinoma of the prostate can be what 2 types

A

acinar or ductal

25
Q

adenocarcinoma of the prostate is that most common ______ cancer

A

non-cutaneous (not arising within the skin)

26
Q

what increases the risk of adenocarcinoma of the prostate

A

obesity
cigarette smoking
consumption of animal fats

27
Q

adenocarcinoma of the prostate has what speed of growth

A

slow

28
Q

is adenocarcinoma of the prostate is metastatic?

A

yes, to the bones, lungs, lymph, and brain

29
Q

what is a normal PSA level

A

<4 ng/mL

30
Q

DHT activates what

A

the androgen receptor

31
Q

BPH is hormonally dependent on the production of what

A

testosterone and dihydrotestosterone

32
Q

the parthenogenesis of BPH is mainly

A

activation of the androgen receptor

33
Q

What converts testosterone to DHT

A

stromal type II 5-alpha reductase

34
Q

What two layers of glandular cells are included in BPH

A

luminal and basal

35
Q

an intact basal layer is highlighted by

A

p63
high molecular keratin

36
Q

is there a correlation between histology and symptoms?

A

no

37
Q

what markers do we look for in BPH?

A

negative for racemase

38
Q

what is the surgical/tx options for BPH

A

Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)

Suprapubic prostatectomy

androgen antagonist

39
Q

Prostatic adenocarcinoma is predominantly what type?

A

acinar, less ductal

40
Q

what are the risk factors for prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry
BRCA1, BRCA2, Lynch syndrome
CHEK, ATM, HOXB13, etc

41
Q

what are the protective factors for prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

Lycopenes
Coffee
Soy products
Vitamin D, etc

42
Q

in prostatic adenocarcinoma, what hormones/signaling is over expressed

A

androgens and androgen receptors

43
Q

how do you screen for prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

PSA
Digital rectal exam
Biopsy if abnormal PSA

44
Q

What part of the prostate is prostatic adenocarcinoma more common to occur

A

posterior

45
Q

What cell zone is prostatic adenocarcinoma more common to occur

A

peripheral zone (posterior and lateral)

46
Q

How does that prostate feel/symptoms involved with prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

firm and usually asymptomatic

47
Q

in prostatic adenocarcinoma, is the basal layer involved

A

no

48
Q

how is prostatic adenocarcinoma graded

A

based on the gleason score

49
Q

gleason score ranges from

A

1-5

50
Q

what are markers for prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

positive racemase and PSA

51
Q

prostatic adenocarcinoma should be negative for what markers

A

p63 and 34betaE12

Reproductive (12 decks)

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