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Reproductive > Embryology I > Flashcards

Embryology I Flashcards

1
Q

How many major embryonic genes are there

A

4

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2
Q

what are the 4 major embryonic genes

A

Sonic Hedgehog - SHH
Fibroblast Growth Factor - FGF
Wnt-7a
Homebox (HOX) gene

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3
Q

What is the major role of SHH

A

CNS development
limb development (anterior to posterior)

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4
Q

what does SHH develop in the brain

A

left and right sides (midline)

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5
Q

What are the mutations of SHH

A

holoprosencephaly

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6
Q

what is holoprosencephaly

A

SHH gene mutation that doesnt properly divide the double lobes in the cerebral hemisphere

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7
Q

single lobed mutation

A

no left/right hemisphere

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8
Q

facial abnormalities of holoprosencephaly

A

cleft lip/palate
cyclopia

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9
Q

what does FGF gene do

A

produces limb buds
responsible for proximal distal limb outgrowth

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10
Q

what are the 3 planes of limb devleopment

A

proximal to distal
dorsal to ventral
anterior to posterior

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11
Q

what is the duties of Wnt-7a

A

dorsal to ventral development
anterior/posterior axis of the female reproductive tract

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12
Q

what is the mutation of Wnt-7a

A

abnormal limb growth

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13
Q

what is the role of the HOX gene

A

it codes for transcription factors and regulates limb growth on the AP axis

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14
Q

what is the mutation of the HOX gene

A

limb malformation
Polydactyly = extra fingers or toes
Syndactyly = fusion of finger or toes

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15
Q

what is fertilization

A

fusion of sperm and egg

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16
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

in the ampulla of the fallopian tube

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17
Q

what is the pathway for fertilzation

A

sperm enter the ovum with an acrosomal head
it penetrates the zona pellucida
fertilization of the egg
the ovulated oocyte is arrested at the metaphase of meiosis II

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18
Q

when does brain formation start

A

week 5

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19
Q

when is the embryo phase

A

week 3-4

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20
Q

how often does mitosis occur

A

every 12-24 hours

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21
Q

what happens on day one of fertilization

A

the zygote moves to the uterus and has its first cleavage
embryonic development begins

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22
Q

what happens on day 2 of fertilization

A

2 cell stage

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23
Q

what happens on day 3-4 of fertilization

A

4 cell stage
8 cell uncompacted morula (ball of cells)

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24
Q

what happens on day 4 of fertilization

A

8 cell uncompacted morula (ball of cells)

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25
Q

what happens on day 5 of fertilization

A

early blastocyst or formation of the blastula from a morula

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26
Q

what happens on day 6-7 of fertilization

A

hatching

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27
Q

what happens on day 8-9 of fertilization

A

implantation of the blastocyst

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28
Q

the blastocyst has what two parts

A

outer cell
inner cell

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29
Q

what is the outer cell of the blastocyst

A

watery fluid of blastocel secreted by trophoblast cells

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30
Q

what is the inner cell of the blastocyst

A

gives rise to all tissues of the body
embryonic stem cells derived from the inner mass

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31
Q

what hormone do you check for to see if you are pregnant

A

b-hCG

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32
Q

b-hCG stands for

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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33
Q

b-hCG maintains what

A

the corpus luteum

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34
Q

what is gastrulation

A

the stage of development where the blastula is reorganized into a 2 or 3 layer embryo known as the gastrula

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35
Q

gastrulation occurs at what week

A

2

36
Q

hypoblast is what

A

yolk sac

37
Q

the epiblast is what

A

responsible for embryo growth and gives rise to the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

38
Q

what is implantation

A

b-hCB secretion begins

39
Q

the ectoderm forms what

A

the nervous system

40
Q

surface ectoderm forms what

A

lens, cornea, epidermis, salivary glands

41
Q

neural tube forms what

A

brain, spinal cord, retina

42
Q

the neural crest forms what

A

skull bone, branchial arches

43
Q

the ectoderm forms what componnents

A

(3)
neural crest
neural tube
surface ectoderm

44
Q

the mesoderm forms what

A

muscles, sckeleton, reproductive system

45
Q

the endoderm forms what

A

endocrine glands, lungs, digestive tract, liver

46
Q

When does the embryonic period start

A

8 weeks after fertilization

47
Q

what happens during the embryonic period

A

adult structures are formed and organs grow

48
Q

what happens during week 4 of the embryonic period

A

heart begins beating
upper and lower limb buds begin to form 4 limbs

49
Q

what happens during week 6 of the embryonic period

A

transvaginal ultasound detects heart movement

50
Q

what happens during week 8 of the embryonic period

A

baby begins moving
genitalia looks simiar

51
Q

what happens during week 15-20 of the embryonic period

A

ultrasound reveals baby gender

52
Q

the anterior pituitary gland forms from wher

A

rathke’s pouch of the ectoderm

53
Q

the posterior pituitary gland forms from where

A

the neural tube

54
Q

the adrenal gland can be divided into what parts

A

cortex (mesoderm)
medulla (neural crest)

55
Q

the cortex of the adrenal gland releases

A

aldosterone
cortisol
androgens

56
Q

the medulla of the adrenal gland releases what

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine

57
Q

intrinsic errors in morphogenesis include

A

failure of embryonic development
abnormal gene or other proccesses
agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia, malformation

58
Q

what is agenesis

A

missing organs caused by missing embryo tissue

59
Q

renal agenesis

A

failure of one or both kidneys to develop

60
Q

aplasia

A

missing organ due to growth failure
(digeorge syndrome)

61
Q

Hypoplasia

A

incomplete organ development
microcephaly

62
Q

malformation

A

cleft palate
cleft lip

63
Q

amniotic band syndrome

A

loose bands of tissue in the uterus entanges a deveoping fetus and restricts blood flow and affects growth of certain body parts

64
Q

potter’s syndrome

A

abnormal development of the kidneys that leaves the fetus exposed to abscent or low amnionic fluid. external compression go the fetus or alteration in lung liquid content

65
Q

what can cause error in morphogenesis

A

genetic
environmental

66
Q

what are some genetic errors in morphogenesis

A

chromosomal aberrations
medelian inheritance (sickle cell)

67
Q

what are some environmental errors in morphogenesis

A

maternal/placental infection
maternal disease state
drugs and chemicals

68
Q

what are teratogens

A

substances that cause abnormal fetal development such as:
fetal loss
growth restrictions
birth defects
impaired neurological function

69
Q

when is the greatest risk for teratogens

A

first trimester

70
Q

how long is the first trimester

A

12-13 weeks

71
Q

what type of teratogen can happen during weeks 2-8

A

organogenesis
structural defects

72
Q

what type of teratogen can happen after 8 weeks

A

decreased growth
CNS dysfunction
no birth defects

73
Q

Category A drugs

A

no risk in human study

74
Q

Category B drugs

A

maybe acceptable

75
Q

Category C drugs

A

use with caution

76
Q

Category D drugs

A

positive evidence of risk
ACE inhibitors
Methimazole
seizure drugs
warfarin

77
Q

Category X drugs

A

contraindicated
5a reductase
Isotretinoin

78
Q

what would methimazole do

A

decrease neonatal thyroid hormone

79
Q

what is a substitute to methimazole in the first trimester

A

propylthiouracil

80
Q

5a reductase inhibitors will cause what harm

A

failure of genitals to forms

81
Q

isotrenolin is used to do what

A

treat acne

82
Q

what antibiotics fall under category X

A

aminoglycosides = deafness
tetracycline = teeth discoloration

83
Q

alcohol can cause what

A

fetal alcohol syndrome in babies

heart defect
skeletal abnormalities
intellectual disabilities

84
Q

smoking can do what to a fetus

A

impair oxygen delivery because it is a vasoconstrictor and reduces blood flow

85
Q

radiation should be deferred to when

A

2nd or 3rd trimester

86
Q

what chemical are fetuses sensitive to

A

mercury

87
Q

what effect does maternal diabetes have on the fetus

A

macrosomnia
blood sugar alterations
congenital heart disease (VSD))

Reproductive (12 decks)

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