Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Reproductive > Embryology I > Flashcards

Embryology I Flashcards

1
Q

How many major embryonic genes are there

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 4 major embryonic genes

A

Sonic Hedgehog - SHH
Fibroblast Growth Factor - FGF
Wnt-7a
Homebox (HOX) gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the major role of SHH

A

CNS development
limb development (anterior to posterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does SHH develop in the brain

A

left and right sides (midline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the mutations of SHH

A

holoprosencephaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is holoprosencephaly

A

SHH gene mutation that doesnt properly divide the double lobes in the cerebral hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

single lobed mutation

A

no left/right hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

facial abnormalities of holoprosencephaly

A

cleft lip/palate
cyclopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does FGF gene do

A

produces limb buds
responsible for proximal distal limb outgrowth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 planes of limb devleopment

A

proximal to distal
dorsal to ventral
anterior to posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the duties of Wnt-7a

A

dorsal to ventral development
anterior/posterior axis of the female reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the mutation of Wnt-7a

A

abnormal limb growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the role of the HOX gene

A

it codes for transcription factors and regulates limb growth on the AP axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the mutation of the HOX gene

A

limb malformation
Polydactyly = extra fingers or toes
Syndactyly = fusion of finger or toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is fertilization

A

fusion of sperm and egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

in the ampulla of the fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the pathway for fertilzation

A

sperm enter the ovum with an acrosomal head
it penetrates the zona pellucida
fertilization of the egg
the ovulated oocyte is arrested at the metaphase of meiosis II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when does brain formation start

A

week 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when is the embryo phase

A

week 3-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how often does mitosis occur

A

every 12-24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens on day one of fertilization

A

the zygote moves to the uterus and has its first cleavage
embryonic development begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens on day 2 of fertilization

A

2 cell stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what happens on day 3-4 of fertilization

A

4 cell stage
8 cell uncompacted morula (ball of cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens on day 4 of fertilization

A

8 cell uncompacted morula (ball of cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what happens on day 5 of fertilization
early blastocyst or formation of the blastula from a morula
26
what happens on day 6-7 of fertilization
hatching
27
what happens on day 8-9 of fertilization
implantation of the blastocyst
28
the blastocyst has what two parts
outer cell inner cell
29
what is the outer cell of the blastocyst
watery fluid of blastocel secreted by trophoblast cells
30
what is the inner cell of the blastocyst
gives rise to all tissues of the body embryonic stem cells derived from the inner mass
31
what hormone do you check for to see if you are pregnant
b-hCG
32
b-hCG stands for
human chorionic gonadotropin
33
b-hCG maintains what
the corpus luteum
34
what is gastrulation
the stage of development where the blastula is reorganized into a 2 or 3 layer embryo known as the gastrula
35
gastrulation occurs at what week
2
36
hypoblast is what
yolk sac
37
the epiblast is what
responsible for embryo growth and gives rise to the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
38
what is implantation
b-hCB secretion begins
39
the ectoderm forms what
the nervous system
40
surface ectoderm forms what
lens, cornea, epidermis, salivary glands
41
neural tube forms what
brain, spinal cord, retina
42
the neural crest forms what
skull bone, branchial arches
43
the ectoderm forms what componnents
(3) neural crest neural tube surface ectoderm
44
the mesoderm forms what
muscles, sckeleton, reproductive system
45
the endoderm forms what
endocrine glands, lungs, digestive tract, liver
46
When does the embryonic period start
8 weeks after fertilization
47
what happens during the embryonic period
adult structures are formed and organs grow
48
what happens during week 4 of the embryonic period
heart begins beating upper and lower limb buds begin to form 4 limbs
49
what happens during week 6 of the embryonic period
transvaginal ultasound detects heart movement
50
what happens during week 8 of the embryonic period
baby begins moving genitalia looks simiar
51
what happens during week 15-20 of the embryonic period
ultrasound reveals baby gender
52
the anterior pituitary gland forms from wher
rathke's pouch of the ectoderm
53
the posterior pituitary gland forms from where
the neural tube
54
the adrenal gland can be divided into what parts
cortex (mesoderm) medulla (neural crest)
55
the cortex of the adrenal gland releases
aldosterone cortisol androgens
56
the medulla of the adrenal gland releases what
epinephrine norepinephrine
57
intrinsic errors in morphogenesis include
failure of embryonic development abnormal gene or other proccesses agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia, malformation
58
what is agenesis
missing organs caused by missing embryo tissue
59
renal agenesis
failure of one or both kidneys to develop
60
aplasia
missing organ due to growth failure (digeorge syndrome)
61
Hypoplasia
incomplete organ development microcephaly
62
malformation
cleft palate cleft lip
63
amniotic band syndrome
loose bands of tissue in the uterus entanges a deveoping fetus and restricts blood flow and affects growth of certain body parts
64
potter's syndrome
abnormal development of the kidneys that leaves the fetus exposed to abscent or low amnionic fluid. external compression go the fetus or alteration in lung liquid content
65
what can cause error in morphogenesis
genetic environmental
66
what are some genetic errors in morphogenesis
chromosomal aberrations medelian inheritance (sickle cell)
67
what are some environmental errors in morphogenesis
maternal/placental infection maternal disease state drugs and chemicals
68
what are teratogens
substances that cause abnormal fetal development such as: fetal loss growth restrictions birth defects impaired neurological function
69
when is the greatest risk for teratogens
first trimester
70
how long is the first trimester
12-13 weeks
71
what type of teratogen can happen during weeks 2-8
organogenesis structural defects
72
what type of teratogen can happen after 8 weeks
decreased growth CNS dysfunction no birth defects
73
Category A drugs
no risk in human study
74
Category B drugs
maybe acceptable
75
Category C drugs
use with caution
76
Category D drugs
positive evidence of risk ACE inhibitors Methimazole seizure drugs warfarin
77
Category X drugs
contraindicated 5a reductase Isotretinoin
78
what would methimazole do
decrease neonatal thyroid hormone
79
what is a substitute to methimazole in the first trimester
propylthiouracil
80
5a reductase inhibitors will cause what harm
failure of genitals to forms
81
isotrenolin is used to do what
treat acne
82
what antibiotics fall under category X
aminoglycosides = deafness tetracycline = teeth discoloration
83
alcohol can cause what
fetal alcohol syndrome in babies heart defect skeletal abnormalities intellectual disabilities
84
smoking can do what to a fetus
impair oxygen delivery because it is a vasoconstrictor and reduces blood flow
85
radiation should be deferred to when
2nd or 3rd trimester
86
what chemical are fetuses sensitive to
mercury
87
what effect does maternal diabetes have on the fetus
macrosomnia blood sugar alterations congenital heart disease (VSD))

Reproductive (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions