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Pathology > Neoplasia VI > Flashcards

Neoplasia VI Flashcards

1
Q

What type of UV light is particularly damaging?

A

UVB 280-320 nm

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2
Q

What does UVB light damage?

A

Pyrimidine dimers formed

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3
Q

What is the repair mechanism in the body to repair DNA?

A

Nucleotide excision repair (NER pathway)

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4
Q

What is xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

Patients without the enzyme needed for DNA repair in the NER pathway

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5
Q

What is the indirect effect of ionizing radiation? Direct?

A

indirect = Free radical generation

Direct = chromosome breakage

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6
Q

High LET (such as what) are more damaging than low LET (such as what)?

A

High = neutrons and alpha rays

Low = x-rays, gamma rays

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7
Q

Atomic bomb causes what CAs?

A

Leukemia (except CLL)

Thyroid cancer

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8
Q

What are the two CAs associated with x-ray workers?

A

Radiation dermatitis

Skin cancers

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9
Q

What is the CA associated with Radium use (like painting dials of watches with luminous radium)?

A

Osteosarcoma

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10
Q

What 3 organs are the least susceptible to atomic bomb radiation?

A

Skin
Bone
Gut

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11
Q

What are the two MOAs of hep B is causing hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Chronic liver injury and regeneration

HBx protein activates IGF and binds to p53

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12
Q

What is the MOA of hep C causing CA?

A

Chronic liver cell injury and regeneration

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13
Q

What are the tumors associated with EBV? (4)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma
Hodgkins
B-cell lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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14
Q

Which HPV viruses are associated with cervical CA? Why?

A

16
18
31
33

These viruses integrate their DNA into the host

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15
Q

What is the function of E6 and E7 that HPV viruses produce?

A

E6 inhibits p53

E7 inhibits Rb

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16
Q

What are the two “low risk” virus strains of HPV? Why?

A

6 and 11–these do not integrate their DNA into the host

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17
Q

What virus causes T-cell leukemia/lymphoma?

A

HTVL-1 (human T-cell leukemia virus type I)

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18
Q

What is the mode of transmission for HTLV-1?

A

Intercourse
Blood
Breast feeding

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19
Q

What is the MOA of HTLV-1?

A

Tax gene has CD4 tropism.

Activates IL-2 (T cell growth factor)
c-Fos, GM-CSF

Inactivates p16INK4a

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20
Q

What is the molecule that HTLV-1 inactivates? What is the function of this molecule?

A

p16INK4a (an antiCA gene)

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21
Q

What is the virus that causes Kaposi’s sarcoma? What other virus is this associated with (but not caused by)?

A

HHV-8

Associated with HIV

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22
Q

How is helicobacter pylori infection associated with neoplasia?

A

CagA cytotoxin–stimulates growth factor pathway

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23
Q

What is the CA associated with H.Pylori?

A

MALT lymphoma (gastric lymphoma)

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24
Q

What are the CAs that estrogen promotes?

A

Breast CA
Cervical
Leiomyoma of uterus

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25
Q

What are the CAs associated with contraceptive hormones?

A

Breast CA

Benign/malignant liver tumors

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26
Q

What are the CAs associated with anabolic steroids?

A

Benign/malignant liver tumors

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27
Q

Leiomyomas are (encapsulated/not encapsulated)

A

Encapsulated

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28
Q

CA’s local or hormone production effects are related to what?

A

Location

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29
Q

What causes cancer cachexia?

A

TNFalpha production

30
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Distant effects of a tumor unrelated to primary tumor or metastasis

31
Q

Lung CAs are known to produce what hormone? What does this cause?

A

ACTH–causes Cushing’s syndrome

32
Q

Small cell carcinoma of the lung are known to produce what hormone? What is this syndrome called, an what metabolic disturbance is commonly found with this?

A

ADH

SIADH (hyponatremia)

33
Q

What is acanthosis nigricans?

A

Black verrucoid appear leision of the skin (usually located in the axilla)

34
Q

What is the CA associated with Acanthosis nigricans?

A

Stomach CA

35
Q

What is the Leser Trelat sign associated with?

A

Gastric carcinoma that produces multiple outcroppings of pigmented seborrheic keratosis

36
Q

What is carcinoid syndrome?

A

Tumors that produce 5HT, (associated with neuroendocrine tumors)

37
Q

What is the tumor location of carcinoid tumors? What does the tumor produce?

A

Appendix

Serotonin

38
Q

What are the clinical features of carcinoid syndrome?

A

Flushing of face, diarrhea, tachycardia

39
Q

How do you diagnose carcinoid syndrome?

A

Urinary excretion of 5-hydroyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA)–a metabolite of serotonin

40
Q

What causes hypercalcemia in malignancies? What is the CA associated with this?

A

Release of PTH related peptide

squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

41
Q

What are the PTH levels in squamous cell carcinomas that release a PTH like hormone?

A

Low d/t hypercalcemia

42
Q

Osteolytic bony metastasis is caused by what osteolytic factors? What CA is this associated with?

A

Release of osteolytic factors (PGE2, IL-1)

Breast CA

43
Q

Medullary CA of the thyroid is associated with what condition? HOw does this occur?

A

Hypocalcemia–production of calcitonin

44
Q

Gynecomastia is caused by what? What CA is this associated with?

A

B-HCG secretion

ChorioCA testis

45
Q

What is Eaton-Lambert syndrome?

A

Autoimmune attack of neuromotor plate

46
Q

What is the CA associated with Eaton-Lambert syndrome?

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

47
Q

What are the morphological methods to diagnose CA?

A
  1. Biopsy
  2. Frozen section
  3. FNAC
  4. Cytology
  5. IHC
48
Q

What are the two molecular methods for diagnosing CA?

A

Flow cytometry

DNA probe

49
Q

What is the biochemical assay utilized to diagnose CA looking for?

A

Tumor markers

50
Q

Why should you use IHC?

A

Diagnose an undifferentiated tumor

Categorize leukemias and lymphomas

51
Q

If the tumor is positive for cytokeratin or epithelial membrane antigen, it indicates that the CA came from what type of cells?

A

Epithelial cells

52
Q

Vimentin and desmin are markers for what CA types?

A

Mesenchymal origin

53
Q

LCA (leukocyte common antigen) is a marker for what type of CA?

A

Leukocyte origin

54
Q

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is associated with what?

A

Neuronal tumors

55
Q

Chromogranin is associated with what CAs?

A

Neuronal tumors

56
Q

Synaptophysin is associated with what CAs?

A

Neuronal tumors

57
Q

Thyroglobulin marker for a tumor = what origin for a tumor?

A

Thyroid CA

58
Q

CD10 (CALLA) = what origin?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

59
Q

Placental alkaline phosphatase is a marker for what CA?

A

Seminoma

60
Q

vWF, CD31 is a marker for what types of CA?

A

Vascular neoplasms

61
Q

What is a tumor marker?

A

A substance found in the blood, urine, or body tissues that can be elevated in CA, among other tissue types

62
Q

Increase in CEA = what CAs?

A

Colon CA
Breast
Stomach
Pancrease

63
Q

Increase in PSA= what CAs?

A

Prostate

64
Q

Increase in beta-HCG= what CAs?

A

Trophoblastic tumors (choriocarcinoma)

65
Q

Increase in CA-125= what CAs?

A

Ovarian carcinoma

66
Q

Increase in a-fetoprotein (AFP)= what CAs?

A

Hepatocellular carcinomas

Germ cell tumors of testes or ovaries

67
Q

Increase in NSE= what CAs?

A

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

68
Q

Increase in Calcitonin = what CAs?

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

69
Q

Increase in CA 19-9= what CAs?

A

Colon

Pancreatic

70
Q

Increase in CA 15-3= what CAs?

A

Breast carcinoma

Pathology (32 decks)

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