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Pathology > Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of chronic inflammation?

A

Inflammation lasting over 2 weeks

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2
Q

True or false: inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair coexist are separate events in inflammation

A

False, all at once

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3
Q

What are the three reasons for chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Persistent microbial infection
  2. Immune-related inflammatory diseases
  3. Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the microbes that cause chronic inflammation?

A

Low pathogenicity

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5
Q

What are the three morphological characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Infiltration with monocytes
  2. Tissue destruction
  3. Attempts at healing
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6
Q

What do the attempts at healing look like histologically in chronic inflammation?

A

Deposition of CT (heavy eosinophilia); angiogenesis or fibrosis (pink collagen deposition)

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7
Q

Histological sample where there are Ducts + islets = where?

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

What happens in chronic inflammation of lung tissue? (3)

A

Enlarged alveolar cells
Deposition of collagen
Mononuclear cell infiltration

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9
Q

Plasma cells in tissue = ?

A

Chronic inflammation

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10
Q

How do plasma cells appear in tissues? (3)

A

Clock face nucleus
Clear areas around the nucleus representing Golgi
Nucleus pushed to one side

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11
Q

What is the key cells in chronic and granulomatous inflammation?

A

Macrophages

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12
Q

What happens to monocytes when they enter tissues?

A

Name change:

turn into macrophages (Kupffer cells for liver or pulmonary macrophages)

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13
Q

Macrophages is in bone =?

A

Osteoclasts

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14
Q

Macrophages is in brain =?

A

Microglia

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15
Q

How do activated macrophages appear relative to unactivated macrophages?

A

Much larger, like a squamous cell

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16
Q

What are the four features of a mature macrophages (activated monocyte)?

A
  1. Increased size
  2. Increase in lysosomes
  3. Increased lysosomal enzymes
  4. Increased ability to kill organisms
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17
Q

What are the maturation steps of monocytes to macrophages?

A
  1. Stem cell
  2. Monoblasts
  3. monocytes
  4. macrophages
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18
Q

How long do macrophages take to enter site of inflammation?

A

48 hours

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19
Q

What is the main activation signal of macrophage activation?

A

interferon gamma

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20
Q

Where does gamma interferon mainly come from? (2)

A

Activated T cells (Th1 cells and NK cells)

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21
Q

What causes the tissue destruction seen in chronic inflammation?

A

The injury factors or the inflammatory mediators are constantly there

22
Q

How do macrophages appear in tissue?

A

Relatively clear staining nucleus

23
Q

What are macrophages that are in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells

24
Q

Macrophages in the lungs = ?

A

Pulmonary macrophages

25
Q

What are the morphological characteristics of activated macrophages?

A

Large cells with relatively clear nuclei

26
Q

Where can interferon gamma come from that causes problems?

A

Endotoxin on bacteria (LPS)

27
Q

What are the cytokines that direct macrophages to kill? To repair?

A 
Kill = IFN-gamma
Repair = IL-4, others
28
Q

What do macrophages secrete if given the repair signal?

A

Growth factors

Angiogenic factors

29
Q

What happens in chronic inflammation to macrophages?

A

Live longer d/t continuous signals

30
Q

What do macrophages secrete when they get the kill signal (IFN-gamma)? (4)

A

ROS
NO
IL-1
TNF-alpha

31
Q

What are the systemic effects of TNF/IL-1? (3)

A

Fever
Leukocytosis
Acute phase proteins

32
Q

What are the results of chronic inflammation?

A

Ongoing tissue destruction can activate inflammatory cascade, leading to coexistence of both acute and chronic inflammation

33
Q

What are the social factors that can contribute to chronic inflammation?

A

All the good things in life, +physical and emotional stress

34
Q

What are the two stimuli that lymphocytes can be mobilized by?

A

Infections or trauma

35
Q

What is the relationship between T cells and macrophages?

A

Reciprocal activation

36
Q

What are the cytokines that activate T cells?

A

interleukins

37
Q

What happens when T cells are activated via presentation? (Th 17 pathway specifically)

A

Differentiation to a certain type of T cell.

If th17, then secrete TNF, IL-17, and other cytokines, causing further activation of macrophages

38
Q

How are macrophages encouraged to form giant cells?

A

Through IL-4, and IFN-gamma secretion

39
Q

What are the cytokines secreted by macrophages that stimulate T cells?

A

IL-12

40
Q

Are eosinophils mononuclear cells? How do they appear?

A

No–have three to four nuclei, and are pinky

41
Q

What is the chemokine that recruits eosinophils?

A

Eotaxin

42
Q

What is the function of Eotaxin?

A

Recruit eosinophils

43
Q

What is Major basic protein (MBP)?

A

The protein in the pinky granules of eosinophils, that fight against parasites

44
Q

Do mast cell participate in chronic or acute inflammation?

A

Both

45
Q

What causes mast cells to be “armed”?

A

When they have bound an IgE ab by the Fc region

46
Q

What do mast cells release? (2)

A

Histamine and PG

47
Q

When are mast cells helpful?

A

Parasitic infections

48
Q

What is diagnostic of acute and chronic inflammation?

A

Chronic markers + PMNs

49
Q

What is the role of plasma cells in the damage seen in chronic inflammation?

A

Produce antibodies toward self tissue

50
Q

How do mast cells contribute to the damage seen in chronic inflammation?

A

Elaborating cytokines, such as TNF

Pathology (32 decks)

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