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Pathology > Neoplasia II > Flashcards

Neoplasia II Flashcards

1
Q

What allows for the increased rate of growth in neoplasms (3)?

A
  1. Evasion of host control
  2. Limitless replicative potential
  3. Loss of contact inhibition
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2
Q

What is the percentage of cell in the cell cycle in normal tissues? Benign neoplasms? Malignant neoplasms?

A 
Normal = 1%
Benign = 1-10%
Malignant = 20-80%
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3
Q

What happens to apoptotic rates in neoplasms?

A

Inhibited apoptosis

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4
Q

What are the three factors that we use to measure increased growth rate?

A
  1. Doubling time
  2. Fraction of tumor cells in proliferative pool
  3. Cell production vs cell loss
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5
Q

How many doubling times are needed for cells to become a mass of 1 g (the clinically detectable amount)?

A

30 doublings

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6
Q

How many doublings are needed for cells to develop a 1 kg mass (the max compatible with life)?

A

40 doublings

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7
Q

What happens to the growth fraction in the submicroscopic phase?

A

High growth fraction

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8
Q

What is the relative growth fraction in later stages of cell growth?

A

<20%

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9
Q

How do you measure mitotic activity?

A

No. of mitotic figures / 10 HPF

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10
Q

What is Ki-67?

A

Cell marker for cell proliferation

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11
Q

What is PCNA?

A

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

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12
Q

What are the two marker proteins that are used to identify cell proliferation (in high quantities)?

A

Ki-67

PCNA

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13
Q

What is the difference between the fragmentation of nuclear chromatin in apoptotic cells, vs normal cells in prophase?

A

Much more clumped together in apoptotic bodies

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14
Q

What type of cell/when are more susceptible to chemotherapy?

A

Cells within the cell cycle (high growth rate)

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15
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Cells or tissues resemble their normal progenitors in both appearance and function

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16
Q

True or false: neoplastic cells within the cell cycle cannot differentiate

A

True

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17
Q

What does the degree of differentiation of neoplastic cells depend on?

A

Proportion of cells within the cell cycle

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18
Q

What are the four categories of differentiation?

A
  1. Well
  2. Moderately
  3. Poorly
  4. Undifferentiated (anaplastic)
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19
Q

What happens to nuclei in tumors?

A

pleomorphic

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20
Q

What happens when a capsule around a tumor breaks?

A

Becomes malignant

21
Q

Anaplastic = ?

A

Undifferentiated tissue mass

22
Q

How can you tell where a tumor came from? (2)

A

Expression of cell markers (e.g. keratin marks epithelial cell)

Cytological findings

23
Q

What is polarization? What happens in neoplasms?

A

Polarization is the orientation of cells

Loss of polarity = disorganization

24
Q

What causes the loss of polarity in anaplastic cells?

A

Mutations and lack of differentiation as the cells migrate/proliferate

25
Q

What are the three diagnostic criteria for cellular atypia?

A
  1. Cellular pleomorphism
  2. Nuclear changes
  3. increase from 1:1 N/C ratio
26
Q

What are the nuclear changes in cellular atypia? (4)

A
  1. Nuclear pleomorphism
  2. Dense and irregular nuclear outline
  3. Nuclear hyperchromicity
  4. Nucleolar Pleomorphism
27
Q

What happens to the Nucleus/Cytoplasm ratio in cellular atypia?

A

Greater than 1:1 (normal is 1:5)

28
Q

What is hyperchromasia?

A

Abundant DNA

Extremely dark staining

29
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

Variation is size and shape of cells and nuclei

30
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Term referring to a lack of differentiation

31
Q

What happens to the nucleoli in tumors?

A

Gets bigger

32
Q

What happens to the size of cells in tumors?

A

Bizarre tumor giant cells

33
Q

What happens to tissue architecture/function in anaplastic tumors?

A

Loss of tissue architecture/function = more aggressive

34
Q

What are giant tumor cells? What do giant tumor cells represent?

A

Single huge polymorphic nucleus or >2 nuclei

Represent Anaplasia

35
Q

True or false: mitoses alone is used to define malignancies

A

False–also cellular atypia

However, more mitoses = more likely malignant

36
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A

Hyperplasia of activated fibroblasts, resulting in abundant collagenous stroma

37
Q

What is the stain used to identify collagen?

A

Trichrome staining = blue

38
Q

What are the three proangiogenic factors?

A

VEGF
bFGF
HIF

39
Q

What are the four anti-angiogenic factors?

A

Thrombospondin-1
Angiostatin
Endostatin
Tumstatin

40
Q

Proangiogenic or antiangiogenic: VEGF

A

Pro

41
Q

Proangiogenic or antiangiogenic: thrombospondin-1

A

Anti

42
Q

Proangiogenic or antiangiogenic: angiostatin

A

anti

43
Q

Proangiogenic or antiangiogenic: HIF

A

Pro

44
Q

Proangiogenic or antiangiogenic:bFGF

A

Pro

45
Q

Proangiogenic or antiangiogenic: Tumstatic

A

Anti

46
Q

Proangiogenic or antiangiogenic: Endostatin

A

Anti

47
Q

Why do malignant tumors show central necrosis?

A

Tumors are limited by the ability of nutrients to diffuse into it, to a diameter of 1-2 mm

(it outgrows its blood supply)

48
Q

True or false: A tissue with many mitotic cells = malignant CA

A

False–could be benign

Pathology (32 decks)

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