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Pathology > Neoplasia III > Flashcards

Neoplasia III Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four places that tumor cells can invade?

A
  1. Adjacent tissue
  2. Penetrate body cavity
  3. Lymph nodes
  4. Small venules/capillaries
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2
Q

What is the protein that attaches cells to each other?

A

Cadherins

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3
Q

What type of collagen forms BM?

A

4

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4
Q

What are laminins?

A

A cell surface molecule that attaches to the ECM to degrade it

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5
Q

What happens to E-cadherin in tumor cells? What is the consequence of this

A

Downregulated or not expressed–leads to ability of tumor cell to metastasize

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6
Q

How do tumor cells get through a BM?

A

induce inflammatory cells to release collagenases (MMPs) to degrade collagen IV

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7
Q

What allows tumor cells to migrate through the BM?

A

Binding of fibronectin to its receptor

Other motility factors secreted

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8
Q

What is a metastasis?

A

Tumor implantation that is discontinuous with primary tumor

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9
Q

What are the four steps of tumor metastatic cascade?

A
  1. Invasion of BM
  2. Movement through ECM
  3. Vascular dissemination
  4. Homing
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10
Q

What do NK cells do in vascular dissemination?

A

Kills tumors

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11
Q

What is CD44?

A

Expression of CD44 on tumor cells seems to favor metastasis

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12
Q

What protects tumor cells in the circulation?

A

Clumped up or covered by platelets

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13
Q

How do tumor cells migrate to the blood via lymphatic ducts?

A

Through the thoracic duct

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14
Q

What are the three routes of metastases?

A
  1. Seeding of body cavities
  2. Lymph spread
  3. Hematogenous
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15
Q

What is the most common type of spread for tumors?

A

Lymphatic spread

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16
Q

Which type of tumor uses lymphatic spread: carcinomas or sarcomas?

A

Carcinomas

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17
Q

What is the pattern of lymphatic spread of tumors?

A

Up the lymphatic chain (e.g. breast CA migrates to axillary node)

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18
Q

Hard or soft for tumors?

A

Usually hard

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19
Q

TTP or not for tumors?

A

Usually no TTP

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20
Q

How does metastatic adenocarcinoma appear in lymph nodes microscopically?

A

Looks like glands, as opposed to normal lymph nodes

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21
Q

What are the three carcinomas that do not spread via the lymph nodes?

A
  1. Follicular carcinoma
  2. Renal cell carcinoma
  3. Hepatocellular carcinoma
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22
Q

Hematogenous spread is characteristic of what type of tumors?

A

Sarcomas

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23
Q

What is the one sarcoma that does not spread via the hematogenous route? How does it spread?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma–spread via local invasion of the submucosal layer

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24
Q

What are the four sites that are frequently involved in hematogenous spread?

A

Liver
Lungs
Brain
Bone

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25
Q

Multiple tumors are characteristic of local tumor or metastatic tumors?

A

Metastatic

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26
Q

What is umbilication?

A

Term to characterize the central area of necrosis in tumors

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27
Q

What are sentinal lymph nodes?

A

1st node in a regional lymphatic system that receives lymph flow from primary tumor

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28
Q

How are sentinel lymph node tumor detected?

A

Radio labels tracers

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29
Q

What is the most common site for bony metastases? Why?

A

Vertebral column, d/t direct connection with the vena cava

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30
Q

What is the primary symptom with bone metastases?

A

Pain

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31
Q

What are the two types of bone metastases?

A

Osteoblastic

Osteolytic

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32
Q

How do osteoblastic metastases appear on x-ray?

A

Radio-dense loci

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33
Q

What is the elevated lab seen in osteoblastic metastases?

A

Increased Serum alk phos

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34
Q

How do osteolytic metastases appear on x-ray?

A

Pathological fractures

Lucency of bones

35
Q

What are the factors that are produced in osteolytic tumors?

A

PGE2

IL-1

36
Q

What is the complication with osteolytic metastases?

A

Hypercalcemia

37
Q

What is the common site of metastases for: stomach adenocarcinoma

A

Left Supraclavicular node

38
Q

What is the common site of metastases for: breast CA

A

Bone

lung

39
Q

What is the common site of metastases for: colorectal CA

A

Liver

40
Q

What is the common site of metastases for: renal adenocarcinoma

A

Lung

41
Q

What is the common site of metastases for: lung

A

Adrenal/liver

42
Q

What is the common site of metastases for: melanoma

A

liver

Lung

43
Q

What is the common site of metastases for: the prostate

A

Bone

44
Q

What is the common site of metastases for: testicular tumors

A

Para-aortic nodes

45
Q

Which is more important, the grade or stage of a tumor?

A

Stage

46
Q

What is grading of a tumor?

A

Looking histologically at a tumor by a pathologist

47
Q

Higher grade tumor = ? prognosis

A

Worse

48
Q

How many grades are there for a tumor

A

I-IV

49
Q

Well differentiated tumors with a loss of polarity = what grade?

A

I

50
Q

Moderately differentiated tumor = what polarity?

A

II

51
Q

Poorly differentiated tumor = what grade?

A

III

52
Q

Nearly anaplastic tumor = what grade?

A

IV

53
Q

What are the three most common CA causes of death?

A

Lung CA
Prostate/breast
Colorectal

54
Q

What are the three highest incidence causes of CA?

A

Breast/Prostate
Lung
Colorectal

55
Q

Where, geographically, is gastric CA high?

A

Japan

56
Q

What are the three CAs associated with arsenic?

A

Lung
Skin
Hemangiosarcoma

57
Q

What are the three CAs associated with asbestos?

A

Lung
Mesothelioma
GIT

58
Q

What are the two CAs associated with Nickel?

A

Nose

Lung

59
Q

What is the CA associated with Radon?

A

Lung CA

60
Q

What is the CA associated with vinyl chloride?

A

Angiosarcoma of liver

61
Q

Aniline dyes are associated with what CA?

A

Bladder CA

62
Q

Asbestos is associated with what CA?

A

Mesothelioma

63
Q

Cigarette smoking is associated with what CA?

A

Oropharynx and lung

64
Q

What type of CAs particularly increase with age?

A

Carcinomas

65
Q

What are the four types of CA found in young adults?

A
  1. Leukemia
  2. Lymphoma
  3. CNS/soft tissue CA
66
Q

What are the three CAs found commonly in infancy?

A

Blastomas
Leukemia
Rhabdomyosarcoma

67
Q

What are the four steps of tumor metastases?

A
  1. Detachment of tumor cells from each other
  2. Attachment to matrix component
  3. Degrade ECM
  4. Migration of tumor cell
68
Q

What is the receptor that tumor cells use to attach to the BM?

A

Laminin receptor

69
Q

Where do the enzymes that tumor utilize to pierce the ECM come from?

A

Fibroblasts and inflammatory cells induced by the tumor cell

70
Q

What is the primary collagenase that tumor cells cause to release?

A

Type IV collagenase

71
Q

What is the function of fibronectin in tumor cells?

A

Prevent the ECM from coming back

72
Q

Where do the motility factors that tumor cells needs to migrate through a tissue come from?

A

The tumor

73
Q

Intravasation = enter blood or leave blood? Extravasation?

A

Enter blood

Extravasation is leave blood

74
Q

What are the two features of the conventional grading method performed by pathologists?

A

Degree of differentiation

Mitotic index

75
Q

What molecule is used to grade tumors, and is uptaken by tumor cells?

A

BrdU (Bromodexy-uridine)

76
Q

In what part of the cell cycle does BrudU uptake occur by tumor cells? Why?

A

S phase–is a Thymidine analogue

77
Q

What is the TNM system of staging?

A 
T = size of primary tumor
N = nodal involvement
M = distant metastases
78
Q

What is the staging system used for colorectal CA?

A

Duke system

79
Q

What is the staging system used for Hodgkin’s and Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Ann Arbor

80
Q

Where is skin CA found geographically?

A

New Zealand

81
Q

What is the CA associated with beryllium?

A

lung CA

82
Q

What is the CA associated with benezes?

A

Leukemia and Hodgkin’s lymphoma

83
Q

What is the CA associated with chromium?

A

Lung CA

Pathology (32 decks)

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