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Pathology > Extra pathoma stuff > Flashcards

Extra pathoma stuff Flashcards

1
Q

P selections are upregulated by what molecules?

A

TNF alpha and IL-1

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2
Q

Adhesion molecules are upregulated by what molecules?

A

C5a and LTB4 (note how these are the same as the chemo attractants)

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3
Q

What do selectins bind to?

A

Sialyl Lewis X

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4
Q

What is the pathological basis of leukocyte adherence deficiency?

A

CD18 defect, leading to inability of PMNs to bind and exvascate

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs/symptoms of leukocyte adhesion deficiency? (3)

A

Delayed separation of umbilical cord
Increased circulating PMNs
Recurrent bacterial infx w/o pus

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6
Q

What is the pathological basis of chediak-higashi syndrome?

A

AR disease where micro tubules are defective

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs/symptoms of chediak-higashi syndrome? (4)

A

Increase pyogenic infx
Neutropenia
Albinism
Peripheral neuropathy

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8
Q

What is the pathological basis for chronic granulomatous disease?

A

NADPH oxidase deficiency, leads to ineffective immune killing, meaning granulomas everywhere

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9
Q

What are the five organisms that can infect patients with chronic granulomatous disease? What do they all have in common

A 
S Aureus
P Cepacia
S marcescens
Nocardia
Aspergillus

All catalase positive

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10
Q

What materials induce a noncaseating granuloma formation? (6)

A 
Foreign material
Sarcoidosis
Be exposure
Crohn's disease
Cat scratch disease
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11
Q

What materials induce a caseating granuloma? What are the tests that can detect these?

A

TB

AFB or GMS stain

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12
Q

What are the primary cells involved in a granuloma?

A

Epithelioid histiocytes (macrophages)

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13
Q

What is the shape that a granuloma from cat scratch disease forms?

A

Stellate

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14
Q

What are the histological characteristics of a caseating vs a non-caseating granuloma?

A

Noncaseating have a pink center

Caseating have a darker, “dead” center

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15
Q

Where do T cells from the bone marrow go to “mature”? What happens there?

A

Thymus–undergo tests for recognizing self and foreign.

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16
Q

What are the two steps of T cell activation?

A
  1. MHC binding

2. B7 ona APC binds CD28 on CD4 T cells

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17
Q

What is the function of CD4+ T cells?

A

Secrete cytokines to help inflammation (help either B cells or T cells)

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18
Q

What cells do Th1 cells help? What are the two cytokines they secrete, and what does each do?

A

Helps CD8+ T cells
Secretes IL-2 (CD8 growth factor)
IFN-gamma (macrophage activator)

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19
Q

What cytokines do Th2 cells secrete? (3)

A
  1. IL-4 (switch to IgG, IgE)
  2. IL-5 Eosinophil chemotaxis, IgA, mature B cells
  3. IL-10 (inhibits Th1 phenotypes)
20
Q

What are the steps of CD8 T cell activation?

A
  1. MHC I presented
  2. IL-2 from CD4 provides second signal
  3. Cytotoxic T cells active
21
Q

What are the ligands that Cytotoxic T cells use to kill? What does this do?

A

FasL binds Fas on target cell

Activates Caspases

22
Q

What are the cytokines that Cytotoxic T cells use to actually effect killing? What does this do?

A

Perforins and Granzymes

23
Q

What are the two Ig that B cells express on their surface?

A

IgM and IgD

24
Q

How do B cells get activated? (2)

A
  1. Antigen binds IgM or IgD

2. CD4 interacts, with Cd40 binding CD40L

25
Q

What are the cytokines that Th2 cells secrete to help B cells mature?

A

Il-4 and IL-5

26
Q

What is the histological hallmark or Crohn’s disease? What about Ulcerative colitis?

A 
Crohn's = Granulomas
Ulcerative = Crypt abscesses
27
Q

What are the three steps of granuloma formation?

A
  1. Macrophages present antigen via MHC II
  2. Macrophages secrete IL-12, inducing Th1 cells
  3. Th1 cells secrete IFN-gamma, converting macrophages to epithelioid histiocytes
28
Q

Where are the stem cells in the large bowel?

29
Q

Where are the stem cells in the skin?

A

Basal layer

30
Q

Where are the stem cells in the bone marrow?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

31
Q

What is the marker for Hematopoietic stem cells?

32
Q

What is the stem cell of the lungs?

A

Type II alveolar cells

33
Q

What type of collagen do fibroblasts secrete?

A

Collagen III

34
Q

What are the three components of granulation tissue?

A

Capillaries
Myofibroblasts
Fibroblasts

35
Q

What happens to the type III collagen that is initially deposited into scarred tissue?

A

Replaced by type I by collagenase

36
Q

Where is Type I, II, III, and IV collagen seen?

A

1 Bone

  1. Cartilage
  2. Pliability
  3. basement membrane
37
Q

Collagenase is an enzyme used to remove type III collagen from scar tissue, allowing for the replacement by Type I collagen. What is the cofactor needed for this enzyme?

38
Q

What is the function of TGF-alpha (in terms of repair)?

A

Epithelial and fibroblast growth factor

39
Q

What is the function of TGF-beta(in terms of repair)? (2)

A

Important fibroblast growth factor

Inhibits inflammation

40
Q

What is the function of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) (in terms of repair)?

A

Endothelium, smooth muscle growth factor

41
Q

What is the function of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) (in terms of repair)? (2)

A

Angiogenesis/skeletal development

42
Q

What is the function of VEGF (in terms of repair)?

A

Angiogenesis

43
Q

What is the chemical structure of collagen?

A

G-X-Y (X is usually P)

44
Q

What are the crosslinks of procollagen? What is the vitamin that is needed to do this?

A

OH groups on the Y group crosslink

45
Q

What are the three nutrient deficiencies that can result in delayed wound healing?

A
  1. Vit C
  2. Cu
  3. Zn
46
Q

What type of collagen that is deposited in a keloid?

Pathology (32 decks)

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