Neoplasia (incomplete) Flashcards
What is a neoplasm?
A new growth which doesn’t obey the laws of normal tissue growth and increases in size, persisting at the expense of the rest of the body.
What is the name for a new growth that doesn’t obey the laws of normal tissue growth and increases in size, persisting at the expense of the rest of the body?
Neoplasm.
What does cancer literally mean?
Crab - to move sideways or to spread.
Define cancer.
Cells which grow and divide with decreased restraint or control. Cells do not differentiate normally and therefore don’t function normally or die on time.
What kind of cells grow and divide with decreased restraint and control and do not differentiate normally and therefore don’t function normally or die on time?
Cancer cells.
What is a tumour?
Swelling, any kind of swelling is referred to as a tumour (infection, trauma, noeplasia).
What is tumour synonymous with in pathology?
Neoplasm.
What is neoplasm synonymous with?
Tumour (pathology).
What are the two divisions of neoplasms?
Benign and malignant tumours.
Define benign tumours.
Not fatal/innocent growths.
Define malignant tumours.
Fatal growths.
Define metastasis.
Spreading of cancer cells to distant organs.
Neoplastic proliferation of cells are:
- Progressive
- No regular arrangement.
- Compressing the surrounding tissue.
- Not related to the needs of the body.
- Parasitic.
- Autonomous in its development.
How are tumours named?
By adding the suffix -oma to the parenchymal tissue type from which the growth originated.
Define carcinoma.
Malignant tumour of the epithelial tissue origin.
Define sarcoma.
Malignant tumour of the mesenchymal origin.
Define proliferation.
The process by which cells divide and form new daughter cells.
What is cell differentiation?
The process whereby cells are transformed into different and more specalised cell types.
The higher the specialisation of a cell, the lower the ability to divide. True or False?
True.
The higher the specialisation of a cell, the higher the ability to divide. True or false?
False, the higher the specialisation of a cell, the lower the ability to divide.
What do cells lose when they differentiate back from higher to lower forms?
Their specailised ability (the become more primative).
What do cells gain when they differentiate back from higher to lower forms?
The ability to divide faster.
What three things does differentiation determine?
- What the cell looks like.
- How the cell functions.
- How long the cell will live.
What are the characteristics of benign tumours?
- Well defined margin.
- Encapsulated.
- Grow locally.
- Grow slowly and progressively.
- Expansive.
- Resemble cells of tissue origin.
What type of tumour has well defined margins, grows slowly, locally and progressively, and resembles cells of tissue origin?
Benign tumour.
What are the characteristics of malignant tumours?
- Poorly defined margins.
- Grow rapidly into surrounding tissue.
- Destroy surrounding tissue.
What type of tumour had poorly define margins, grows rapidly into surrounding tissue and destroys surrounding tissue?
Malignant tumour.
NEED TO INSERT CARD ON BENIGN/MALIGNANT DIFFERENTIATION
When do mutations probably develop?
During differentiation.
What happens when mutation occurs early in the differentiation process?
Poorly differentiated and highly malignant.
What happens when mutations occur later in the differentiation process?
More fully differentiated and less malignant.
NEED TO INSERT MORE ON BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS.
What are two important factors in assessing the prognosis in an individual case of cancer?
Grading (the histological appearance) and staging (the size and extent of spread of a tumour ).
What are the grades of neoplasms?
Grade I - well differentiated
Grade II - moderately differentiated
Grade III - poorly differentiated
Grade IV - extremely anaplastic
What does the acronym TNM stand for and assess?
Tumour (extent of primary tumours), node (regional lymph nodes involvement), metastasis (extent of metastatic involvement).
What is the staging of tumours in the TNM classification?
TX - tumour cannot be assessed T0 - no evidence of primary tumour TIS - carcinoma in situ T1 - lesion < 2 cm T2 - lesion 2 - 5 cm T3 - skin involve
What is the staging of nodes in the TNM classification?
NX - Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0 - No evidence of regional lymph node metastasis
N1 - Mobile nodes involved
N2 - Fixed nodes involved
What is the staging of metastasis in the TNM classification?
MX - Not assessed
M0 - No distant metastasis
M1 - distant metastasis present
By what three means can cancer spread?
- Direct invasion and extension.
- Seeding of cancer cells within body cavities.
- Metastasis through blood or lymph.
NEED TO ADD SPECIFICS OF MEANS OF SPREADING CANCER and everything following that
