Neoplasia (incomplete)

Question 1

What is a neoplasm?

Answer 1

A new growth which doesn’t obey the laws of normal tissue growth and increases in size, persisting at the expense of the rest of the body.

Question 2

What is the name for a new growth that doesn’t obey the laws of normal tissue growth and increases in size, persisting at the expense of the rest of the body?

Answer 2

Neoplasm.

Question 3

What does cancer literally mean?

Answer 3

Crab - to move sideways or to spread.

Question 4

Define cancer.

Answer 4

Cells which grow and divide with decreased restraint or control. Cells do not differentiate normally and therefore don’t function normally or die on time.

Question 5

What kind of cells grow and divide with decreased restraint and control and do not differentiate normally and therefore don’t function normally or die on time?

Answer 5

Cancer cells.

Question 6

What is a tumour?

Answer 6

Swelling, any kind of swelling is referred to as a tumour (infection, trauma, noeplasia).

Question 7

What is tumour synonymous with in pathology?

Answer 7

Neoplasm.

Question 8

What is neoplasm synonymous with?

Answer 8

Tumour (pathology).

Question 9

What are the two divisions of neoplasms?

Answer 9

Benign and malignant tumours.

Question 10

Define benign tumours.

Answer 10

Not fatal/innocent growths.

Question 11

Define malignant tumours.

Answer 11

Fatal growths.

Question 12

Define metastasis.

Answer 12

Spreading of cancer cells to distant organs.

Question 13

Neoplastic proliferation of cells are:

Answer 13

1. Progressive
2. No regular arrangement.
3. Compressing the surrounding tissue.
4. Not related to the needs of the body.
5. Parasitic.
6. Autonomous in its development.

Question 14

How are tumours named?

Answer 14

By adding the suffix -oma to the parenchymal tissue type from which the growth originated.

Question 15

Define carcinoma.

Answer 15

Malignant tumour of the epithelial tissue origin.

Question 16

Define sarcoma.

Answer 16

Malignant tumour of the mesenchymal origin.

Question 17

Define proliferation.

Answer 17

The process by which cells divide and form new daughter cells.

Question 18

What is cell differentiation?

Answer 18

The process whereby cells are transformed into different and more specalised cell types.

Question 19

The higher the specialisation of a cell, the lower the ability to divide. True or False?

Answer 19

True.

Question 20

The higher the specialisation of a cell, the higher the ability to divide. True or false?

Answer 20

False, the higher the specialisation of a cell, the lower the ability to divide.

Question 21

What do cells lose when they differentiate back from higher to lower forms?

Answer 21

Their specailised ability (the become more primative).

Question 22

What do cells gain when they differentiate back from higher to lower forms?

Answer 22

The ability to divide faster.

Question 23

What three things does differentiation determine?

Answer 23

1. What the cell looks like.
2. How the cell functions.
3. How long the cell will live.

Question 24

What are the characteristics of benign tumours?

Answer 24

1. Well defined margin.
2. Encapsulated.
3. Grow locally.
4. Grow slowly and progressively.
5. Expansive.
6. Resemble cells of tissue origin.

Question 24

What type of tumour has well defined margins, grows slowly, locally and progressively, and resembles cells of tissue origin?

Answer 24

Benign tumour.

Question 25

What are the characteristics of malignant tumours?

Answer 25

1. Poorly defined margins. 2. Grow rapidly into surrounding tissue. 3. Destroy surrounding tissue.

Question 26

What type of tumour had poorly define margins, grows rapidly into surrounding tissue and destroys surrounding tissue?

Answer 26

Malignant tumour.

Question 27

NEED TO INSERT CARD ON BENIGN/MALIGNANT DIFFERENTIATION

Question 28

When do mutations probably develop?

Answer 28

During differentiation.

Question 29

What happens when mutation occurs early in the differentiation process?

Answer 29

Poorly differentiated and highly malignant.

Question 30

What happens when mutations occur later in the differentiation process?

Answer 30

More fully differentiated and less malignant.

Question 31

NEED TO INSERT MORE ON BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS.

Question 32

What are two important factors in assessing the prognosis in an individual case of cancer?

Answer 32

Grading (the histological appearance) and staging (the size and extent of spread of a tumour ).

Question 33

What are the grades of neoplasms?

Answer 33

Grade I - well differentiated Grade II - moderately differentiated Grade III - poorly differentiated Grade IV - extremely anaplastic

Question 34

What does the acronym TNM stand for and assess?

Answer 34

Tumour (extent of primary tumours), node (regional lymph nodes involvement), metastasis (extent of metastatic involvement).

Question 35

What is the staging of tumours in the TNM classification?

Answer 35

``` TX - tumour cannot be assessed T0 - no evidence of primary tumour TIS - carcinoma in situ T1 - lesion < 2 cm T2 - lesion 2 - 5 cm T3 - skin involve ```

Question 36

What is the staging of nodes in the TNM classification?

Answer 36

NX - Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed N0 - No evidence of regional lymph node metastasis N1 - Mobile nodes involved N2 - Fixed nodes involved

Question 37

What is the staging of metastasis in the TNM classification?

Answer 37

MX - Not assessed M0 - No distant metastasis M1 - distant metastasis present

Question 38

By what three means can cancer spread?

Answer 38

1. Direct invasion and extension. 2. Seeding of cancer cells within body cavities. 3. Metastasis through blood or lymph.

Question 39

NEED TO ADD SPECIFICS OF MEANS OF SPREADING CANCER and everything following that