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MDPH401 - Anatomy and Physiology > Integumentary System (incomplete) > Flashcards

Integumentary System (incomplete) Flashcards

1
Q

The skin and its accessory structures make up what system?

A

The integumentary system.

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2
Q

What makes up the integumentary system?

A

The skin and its structures.

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3
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

The skin.

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4
Q

How many tissue types is the skin composed of?

A

The skin is composed of all four tissue types.

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5
Q

How much does the skin weigh?

A

4 - 5 kg

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6
Q

Define epidermis.

A

The superficial portion of the skin (composed of epithelial tissue)

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7
Q

Define dermis.

A

The deeper layer of the skin (primarily composed of connective tissue).

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8
Q

What is underneath the two skin layers?

A

The subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

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9
Q

Is the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) part of the integumentary system?

A

No.

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10
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)?

A

An area for fat storage, bloody vessel passage and pressure-sensing nerve endings.

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11
Q

Name the principle cell types present in the epidermis.

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidium
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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12
Q

What do keratinocytes do?

A

Produce the protein keratin and a waterproof sealant.

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13
Q

What does the protein keratin do?

A

Helps to protect the skin and underlying tissue from heat, microbes and chemicals.

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14
Q

What do melanocyte do?

A

Produce the pigment melanin.

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15
Q

What does the pigment melanin do?

A

Contributes to skin colour and absorbs damaging ultraviolet (UV) light.

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16
Q

NEED TO ADD KERATINISATION

A
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17
Q

What is connective tissue composed of?

A
  1. Collagen, elastin, reticulin.
  2. Cells: fibroblast, macrophages, adipocyte.
  3. Blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles, smooth muscle.
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18
Q

What do sensory neurons detect in the dermis?

A
  1. Touch/pressure
  2. Vibration
  3. Tickle/Itch
  4. Heat
  5. Cold
  6. Pain
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19
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle and what does it do?

A

Smooth muscle in the dermis that contracts with cold or fear and forms goosebumps as the hair is pulled vertically.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of sweat glands?

A

When the body temperature rises, nerve impulses from the brain stimulate the sweat gland to produce sweat. When the sweat evaporates it cools the skin. Sweat also helps to eliminate waste products such as urea.

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21
Q

What do sebaceous glands do?

A

Produce an oily secretion called sebum which moistens hair, waterproofs and softens skin, and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi.

22
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  1. Protects the underlying tissues
  2. Cutaneous sensations
  3. Excretion
  4. Synthesis of Vitamin D
  5. Blood reservoir
  6. Thermoregulation
23
Q

What does the skin protect underlying tissues against?

A

Microbes, abrasion, chemicals, water loss or entry, UV light.

24
Q

What are cutaneous sensations?

A

Touch, pressure, vibration, tickle, heat, cold, and pain arise in the skin.

25
Q

What does the skin excrete?

A

400 mL of water/day, small amounts salt, CO2, ammonia and urea.

26
Q

What does the skin use to detect changes in temperature?

A

Receptors.

27
Q

What part of the brain contains the temperature regulating centre?

A

The hympothalamus.

28
Q

How does the body conserve heat?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction of arterioles in the dermis.
  2. Shivering.
  3. Behavioural responses.
  4. Adipose tissue.
  5. Hair erection.
29
Q

How does vasoconstriction of arterioles in the dermis conserve heat?

A

Less blood flows through the skin where it would lose heat. Blood flow is confined to central areas of the body.

30
Q

How does shivering conserve heat?

A

Involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle produces 5 - 6 times as much heat as resting muscle.

31
Q

What are some behavioural responses that conserve body heat?

A

Warm clothes, shelter, hot drinks, keep dry, move around.

32
Q

How does the adipose tissue conserve body heat?

A

Provides insulation from the cold.

33
Q

How does hair erection conserve body heat?

A

Goose bumps trap a layer of air to insulate, however this is not effective in humans as there is insufficient body hair for this.

34
Q

How does the body lose heat?

A
  1. Vasodilation of arterioles in the dermis.
  2. Sweating.
  3. Behavioural mechanisms.
35
Q

How does vasodilation of arterioles in the dermis lose body heat?

A

Increased quantity of blood flows through the skin where it can be cooled.

36
Q

How does sweating lose body heat?

A

Sweat is secreted onto the skin and heat is lost through evaporation.

37
Q

What are some behavioural mechanisms that lose body heat?

A

Cold drinks, shade, removing clothing.

38
Q

What part of the skin does aging predominantly affect?

A

The dermis.

39
Q

How does aging affect collagen and elastin fibres?

A

Reduced amount.

40
Q

How does aging affect immune responsiveness?

A

Reduced.

41
Q

How does aging affect the sebaceous glands?

A

Reduced in size, leads to dryness.

42
Q

How does aging affect blood flow?

A

Reduced.

43
Q

Aging causes a loss of subcutaneous fat. True or false?

A

True.

44
Q

Aging causes increased production of sweat. True or false?

A

False.

45
Q

What are the three main types of skin cancer?

A
  1. Basal cell carcinoma
  2. Squamous cell cancer.
  3. Melanoma.
46
Q

What kind of skin cancer grows slowly and can damage the tissue around it but is unlikely to spread to distant areas or result in death?

A

Basal cell cancer (BCC).

47
Q

What kind of skin cancer is more likely to spread and usually presents as a hard lump with a scaly top but may also form an ulcer?

A

Squamous cell cancer.

48
Q

What kind of skin cancer is the most aggressive and has signs that include a mole that has changed in size, shape, colour, has irregular edges, has more than one colour, is itchy or bleeds?

A

Melanoma.

49
Q

What is the main cause for basal cell carcinomas?

A

Cumulative ultraviolet exposure over the course of a lifetime.

50
Q

What is the main cause for squamous cell carcinomas?

A

Cumulative ultraviolet exposure over the course of a lifetime.

51
Q

What is the main cause for melanoma?

A

Intense, occasional UV exposure (frequently leading to sunburn), especially in those who are genetically predisposed to the disease.

52
Q

NEED TO INSERT CARDS ON WOUND HEALING

A

MDPH401 - Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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