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MDPH401 - Anatomy and Physiology > Cellular Pathology (incomplete) > Flashcards

Cellular Pathology (incomplete) Flashcards

1
Q

What does increased cellular activity mean?

A

An increase in the size and number of cells.

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2
Q

What does decreased cellular activity mean?

A

A reduction in size or number of cells.

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3
Q

What two things can cause increased cellular activity?

A
  1. Increased functional demand on a tissue.

2. Increased hormonal stimulation.

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4
Q

What two things can cause decreased cellular activity?

A
  1. Decrease in functional demand on a tissue.

2. Reduction in hormonal stimulation.

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5
Q

What usually results from an increased functional demand on a tissue or from an increase in hormonal stimulation?

A

Increased cellular activity.

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6
Q

What usually results from a decrease in functional demand on a tissue or from a reduction in hormonal stimulation?

A

Decreased cellular activity.

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7
Q

What does alteration of cellular morphology mean?

A

Change in cell differentiation.

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8
Q

When does an alteration of cellular morphology occur?

A

When changes in the cellular environment cause an alteration in cell structure.

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9
Q

What occurs when changes in the cellular environment cause an alteration in cell structure?

A

Alteration of cellular morphology.

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10
Q

Define atrophy.

A

Reduction in size of functioning cells.

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11
Q

What causes atrophy?

A

A failure or decrease in functional demand.

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11
Q

What causes atrophy?

A

The wasting or decrease in size of the organ/tissue is due to a failure or decrease in functional demand.

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12
Q

Is atrophy reversible?

A

Yes, atrophy is reversible and the cell/organ is restored to its normal size if the stimulus is removed.

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13
Q

Define hypertrophy.

A

Increase in size of functioning cells.

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14
Q

What causes hypertrophy?

A

An increase in functional demand or workload.

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15
Q

Where does hypertrophy occur?

A

In tissues where no mitotic cellular division can take place.

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16
Q

Define hyperplasia.

A

Increase in number of functional cells.

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17
Q

Where does hyperplasia occur?

A

In tissue where cells are capable of dividing mitotically.

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18
Q

Is hyperplasia reversible?

A

Yes, hyperplasia is a reversible condition if the stimulus is removed.

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19
Q

Define metaplasia.

A

The change from one adult cell type to another adult cell type.

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20
Q

What usually causes metaplasia?

A

Chronic irritation on target cells or tissue.

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21
Q

What usually occurs due to chronic irritation on target cells or tissue?

A

Metaplasia.

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22
Q

Could metaplasia cause an epithelial cell to change to a connective tissue cell?

A

No, the change from one cell type to another cell type never oversteps its primary cell groups.

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23
Q

Can cells that have experienced metaplasia change back to normal?

A

Yes, by removing the stimulus.

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24
Q

Is metaplasia a normal physiologic process?

A

No, it is not a normal physiologic process and may be the first step toward neoplasia.

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25
Q

Define dysplasia.

A

The disordered development or the deranged cell growth of a specific tissue resulting in cells that varies in size, shape and appearance.

26
Q

Can cells that have experienced dysplasia change back to normal?

A

They may either revert to normal if the stress factor (stimulus) is removed or they may progress to a neoplasia.

27
Q

What cellular change is often associated with/seen as a precursor of cancer?

A

Dysplasia.

28
Q

Define carcinoma-in-situ.

A

Indicated a localised carcinomatous growth, which does not show any evidence of invasion of surrounding tissue or distant spread.

29
Q

Is carcinoma-in-situ reversible?

A

Yes, if the irritant is removed.

30
Q

What is carcinoma-in-situ seen as an extension of?

A

Dysplasia.

31
Q

What is an extension of dysplasia?

A

Carcinoma-in-situ.

32
Q

Define necrosis.

A

The death of tissue cells within a localised area and the release of cellular proteolytic enzymes.

33
Q

Define cell death.

A

Cellular damage to such an extent so that the sustained injury becomes irreversible.

34
Q

Define reversible cellular injury.

A

Sub-lethal cell damage that is reversible if the harmful agent is removed.

35
Q

What is cellular degeneration?

A

Change from a higher to a lower functional unit to cope with deterioration of a cell caused by cellular injury.

36
Q

Define irreversible cellular injury.

A

Lethal damage to cells which leads to cellular death (necrosis).

37
Q

What nuclear changes indicate cell death?

A
  1. Swelling and condensation of chromatin.
  2. Fragmentation of nucleus.
  3. Rupturing of nuclear membrane.
  4. Fading and dissolving of the nucleus.
38
Q

What cellular changes indicate cell death?

A
  1. Breakdown of plasma (cell) membrane.
  2. Releasing of K+ by the dead cells.
  3. Releasing of enzymes.
  4. Releasing of proteins.
39
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

A process that can occur as a result of necrosis whereby solid material within a tissue becomes liqufied.

40
Q

How does the body react to dead necrotic tissue?

A

The body views dead necrotic tissue as foreign material and attempts to get rid of it or to isolate it in a sterile state.

41
Q

What happens to a part experiencing dry gangrene?

A

It becomes dry, shrinks, skin wrinkles, and it experiences a colour change to dark brown or black. Dead tissue detaches itself from the body.

42
Q

What is the spread of dry gangrene like?

A

Slow, symptoms not marked as wet gangrene.

43
Q

What are the signs of dry gangrene?

A

Line of demarcation (inflammatory response causes a line of reaction between dead tissue and healthy tissue)

44
Q

What are the causes of dry gangrene?

A
  1. Interference with arterial blood supply.
  2. Venous supply intact.
  3. Form of coagulative necrosis.
  4. Confined to extremities.
45
Q

What happens to a part experiencing wet gangrene?

A

The part becomes cold, swollen, pulse less. Skin is moist, black and under tension. Blebs form on the surface.

46
Q

What is the spread of wet gangrene like?

A

Rapid, systemic symptoms are severe and death may occur unless the condition is stopped.

47
Q

What are the signs of wet gangrene?

A
  1. No line of demarcation between normal and diseased tissue.
  2. Liquefaction occurs.
  3. Foul smell caused by bacterial action.
48
Q

What are the causes of wet gangrene?

A
  1. Interference with venous blood supply.
  2. Bacterial invasion plays an important part and is responsible for symptoms.
  3. Liquefaction necrosis.
  4. Make affect internal organs and extremities.
49
Q

Define cellular regeneration.

A

The ability of the body to replace the injured or dead tissue with cells of the same parenchymal (specific cells of an organ) type.

50
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Inflammation is the dynamic response to local injury.

51
Q

What is restitution/regeneration?

A

Damaged tissue is replaced by tissue identical in structure and function.

52
Q

When can restitution take place?

A

Restitution can only take place if cell debris is cleared, the damaging agent is removed, and the damaged tissue can regenerate.

53
Q

What are the three basic groups that body cells can be classified in according to their ability to regenerate?

A
  1. Cells that divide and replicate on a continuous basic throughout life.
  2. Cells that cease to dived on reaching maturity but start to regenerate if an appropriate stimulus is received.
  3. Cells that do not have the ability to divide.
54
Q

What happens if restitution/regeneration cannot take place?

A

The damaged tissue is replace by scar tissue (fibrous repair).

55
Q

What causes chronic inflammation?

A

If a damaging agent persists.

56
Q

What is the first response to tissue damage?

A

Acute inflammation.

57
Q

NEED TO ADD CARDS ON PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION

A
58
Q

What are the four types of inflammatory exudates?

A
  1. Serous exudates.
  2. Fibrinous exudates.
  3. Purulent exudates.
  4. Hemorrhagic exudates.
59
Q

What are the characteristics of serous exudates?

A
  1. Excess clear watery fluid.
  2. Low protein content.
  3. No fibers.
  4. Seen in blisters and pleural effusion.
60
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrinous exudates?

A
  1. Fibrin formation, which forms a thick sticky mesh.
  2. Solid fibrin inhibits resolution leading to organisation and adhesion formation.
  3. Exudate is usually removed by enzymes.
  4. If the exudate is not removed, fibroblasts form scar tissue and adhesions.
  5. Seen in serous body cavities.
60
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrinous exudates?

A
  1. Fibrin formation, which forms a thick sticky mesh.
  2. Solid fibrin inhibits resolution leading to organisation and adhesion formation.
  3. Exudate is usually removed by enzymes.
  4. If the exudate is not removed, fibroblasts form scar tissue and adhesions.
  5. Seen in serous body cavities.
61
Q

What are the characteristics of purulent exudates?

A
  1. Contain pus due to pyogenic (reaction) bacteria.
  2. Exudate composed of WBC remains, proteins and tissue debris.
  3. Seen in abscess.
62
Q

What are the characteristics of hemorrhagic exudates?

A
  1. Occurs with sever tissue injury with disruption of blood vessels.
  2. Seen in acute hemorrhagic pneumonia.

MDPH401 - Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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