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patho final > neoplasia > Flashcards

neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basic problem of neoplasia?

A

abnormal cell growth and differentiation

-uncontrolled and irregular

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2
Q

what is the result of the process of neoplasia?

A

neoplasm= tumor

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3
Q

what is a neoplasm (tumor)?

A

abnormal mass of cells

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4
Q

two types of neoplasms?

A

malignant (cancerous)

benign (non-cancerous)

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5
Q

what are malignant tumors? (cell growth rate, what is happening?)

A
  • proliferation of cells is rapid, disorderly growth
  • genes that regulate cell division become mutated
  • cells undifferentiated need space so the cells secrete enzymes that damage the local tissue to create space
  • it is damaging and invasive, irreversible and continous
  • gains access to blood and lymph channels to metastasize to other areas of the body
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6
Q

what are benign tumors?

A
  • rapid compared to normal proliferation of cells, but less rapid than malignant
  • it needs space but it is encapsulated so it is less invasive
  • many of these tumors will stop growing after a period of time
  • undifferentiated and differentiated cells
  • NO metastasis
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7
Q

differences between malignant and benign tumours

A
  • malignant= INVASIVE, continuous, very rapid, metastasis, undifferentiated, damaging
  • benign= non invasive, can stop, not as fast, no metastasis, encapsulated
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8
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed death/destruction of cells

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9
Q

all cancers known to humans, 50% of them have mutated gene..?

A

TP53

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10
Q

what are DNA repair genes

A
  • repair defective DNA, fixing the problem instead of scrapping it
  • if u wanted to cause cancer in the body you would likely target these genes
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11
Q

what are proto-oncogenes? (hint go)

A

commence cell proliferation, promote cell growth

GO!

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12
Q

what are tumor suppresor genes?

A

do not remove or suppress genes hehe

inhibit cell growth!

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13
Q

what are oncogenes?

A

genes that cause cancer! absolutely any mutated gene that is causing cancer
-can be put into any of the groups above

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14
Q

suffix “oma” is for?

A

BENIGN tumors!

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15
Q

suffix “sarcoma” is for?

A

MALIGNANT tumors if NON-EPITHELIAL ORIGIN

cartilage, bone, muscle

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16
Q

suffix “carcinoma” is for?

A

MALIGNANT tumors of EPITHELIAL origin

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17
Q

tumors double in size every?

A

approximately every 120 DAYS

so doubles approx 3/year

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18
Q

how long does it take for a tumor to be clinically detectable?

A

10 years

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19
Q

what size is a tumor detectable at by physical exam?

A

1 cm

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20
Q

how many cells are in a tumor of 1cm diameter?

A

1 billion cells

21
Q

what size tumor will generally kill a person?

A

10 cm

22
Q

methods of tumor spreading?

A

LOCAL
SEEDING
METASTASIS

23
Q

what is local spreading?

A

-invades ONLY surrounding tissue

24
Q

what is seeding?

A

-distant SPREAD, tends to happens within body cavities

25
Q

what is metastasis?

A

-distant SPREAD “TRUE spreading” through blood and lymph

26
Q

primary site (metastasis)?

A

-where tumor was first formed, origin of cancer

27
Q

secondary site (metastasis)?

A
  • where cancer cells spread to and proliferate

- most common is LYMPH tissue

28
Q

sentinel lymph node?

A

=first lymph node affected by cancerous cells

29
Q

with metastasis, it is usually widespread and…

A

leads to DEATH

30
Q

does the tissue on the secondary site become malignant?

A

NO, tissue on secondary site is INVADED by malignant cells, gives them an area to GROW and DIVIDE

31
Q

where does cancer usually metastasize to?

A

-LIVER, LUNGS, BONES, BRAIN

32
Q

stage 1 of metastasis?

A
  • cells begin to PROLIFERATE in LOCAL tissue
  • secrete ENZYMES (break up cementing material between normal cells to make room for MORE proliferation)
  • GROUPS of malignant cells ENTER blood or lymph (called EMBOLI)
  • defense cells ATTACK but 1/10000 live
  • platelets PROTECT and cover cancer cells!!!!
33
Q

stage 2 metastasis?

A
  • cancer SPREADS via BLOOD or LYMPH
  • ARRIVE at SECONDARY site
  • once SUITABLE site established: cancer cells use CYTOKINES and GROWTH factors to INVADE tissue
  • cells at secondary site provide space for INVADING MALIGNANT cells
34
Q

qualities of a suitable secondary site?

A
  1. resources for growth and division
  2. protection from defences
  3. room to grow
    - -> cytokines help determine a suitable spot
    ideally: LARGE and RICHLY VASCULARIZED
35
Q

stage 3 metastasis?

A

-ANGIOGENESIS—> CA cells need BLOOD supply and RESOURCES to ensure SURVIVAL and cell growth
… so they create their OWN blood vessels

36
Q

staging a tumor?

A 
obtained clinically (physical, CXR, MRI etc)
-global TNM (Tumor size, lymphNodes, Metastasis)
37
Q

T0-4?

A

size of tumor and how much tissue has been invaded

  • tX= cannot be assessed
  • t0= no evidence of primary tumor
  • t1-4= corresponds to size and how far it has spread
38
Q

N0-3?

A

regional lymph nodes (NOT number of nodes, DEGREE of involvement)

  • Nx= cannot be assessed
  • N0= no evidence
  • N1-4= corresponds to degree of spread to nodes
39
Q

M0-1?

A

METASTASIS- it HAS or HAS not metastasized

40
Q

what is grading?

A 
obtained histologically (stain, under a microscope)
-more subjective, higher= more anaplasia
I to IV
I= RESTRICTED growth
IV= EXTENSIVE
41
Q

treatment for cancer is done to achieve one of three things?

A
  1. eradicate the cancer
  2. control the malignancy or growth
  3. palliative: make the patient comfortable and functional
42
Q

problems with treatment for cancer?

A

targets normal cells along with cancer cells, so normal cells that are rapidly proliferating are killed as well.

43
Q

what is radiation therapy?

A

aim for control/cure (KILL malignant cells)

  • achieves NECROSIS by bombarding CHEMICALS in malignant cells w/ radiation and form FREE RADICALS= cause cell DEATH (they interfere w/ dna, proteins, membranes)
  • breaks DNA bonds and genetic molecules—> cell death
44
Q

what is chemotherapy?

A

PHARMACOLOGICAL
-injecting DRUGS (IV, IM, or PO)
-drugs target RAPIDLY growing cells in body
-inhibit division of cancer cells by:
targeting ENZYMES to disrupt cellular processes
inhibiting DNA, RNA and protein synthesis

45
Q

surgery for cancer?

A

removing the tumor
-often followed by chemo or radiation; remove AS MUCH as possible of tumor, THEN use other therapy to TARGET remaining cancer cells= COMBO

46
Q

what is immunotherapy?

A

inducing, enhancing or suppressing an immune response

  • use cytokines, antibodies, antigens (example= administer potent dose of TB antigens, trigger strong IR, immune cells target cancer)
  • culture immune cells in lab and inject into body “in vivo= into patient”
47
Q

what is hormone therapy?

A

CUTS off hormones that are feeding “hormone dependent tumours”

example: administer testosterone if tumor dependent on estrogen
- treat with drugs that are hormones or hormone antagonists
- DISRUPTS regulatory function

48
Q

what is combination therapy?

A

COMBINE 2 or more of above (OFTEN 3)

-common= radiation + immunotherapy; surgery + chemo + radiation

49
Q

why are there/ what are the side effects of chemo?

A

other rapidly growing cells are targeted (in bone marrow, digestive system, hair follices)
- causing impaired immune function, hair loss, nausea

patho final (40 decks)

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