manifestations Flashcards
two types of manifestations are (2)
local manifestations and systemic manifestations
what are local manifestations (4)?
- erythema (redness)
- warmth
- swelling
- pain
the 4 local manifestations are also known as..
4 cardinal signs of inflammation
what is the possible 5th cardinal sign of inflammation?
loss of function
what is not quiiiite a manifestation, however is considered as well
formation of EXUDATES (fluid, proteins, cells)
what are the 5 different compositions of exudates?
- serous exudate
- purulent/ suppurative
- hemorrhagic
- membranous
- fibrinous
what is a serous exudate?
serous- serum
- clear, few proteins or cells
- serum has no clotting factors
- acute inflammation, mild injury (you need leukocytes and proteins at site for more severe)
what is a purulent/suppurative exudate?
- proteins, WBC, necrotic debris (pus)
- cloudy, foul odour
- more severe injury, likely a bacteria infection
- common example is a pimple
what is hemorrhagic exudate?
severed vessels (RBCs) -severe injury
what is membranous exudate?
necrotic cells in fibro-purulent exudate
-appears membranous
what is fibrinous exudate?
abundance of fibrinogen, appears like a sticky mesh
what is different about systemic manifestations from local manifestations?
local manifestations are quite specific to that injury, systematic are not.
-do not reveal much information about the injury
common examples of systematic manifestations?
- headache
- fever
- malaise (discomfort, not feeling well)
what is a FEVER! (what regulates temp, what does it indicate, etc)
- temperature operates by the hypothalamus (usually around 37.5)
- fever is elevated body temperature
- fever generally signals an infection, it is NOT deliberate
important benefit of a fever?
decreases growth and reproduction of pathogens, enhances phagocytosis (removing debris) and the immune response
pathogenesis of a fever… give the main points
4
- exogenous pyrogens (chemicals/mediators) released inside the body which triggers formation and release of endogenous pyrogens from our defence cells and other normal cells at the site (interleukins, tumor necrosis factor)
- these endogenous pyrogens bring along the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 binds
- prostaglandin E2 binds on the temperature hypothalamus receptor
- the temperature set point adjusted up via cAMP
what is cAMP
helps with receptor binding- aids the binding of PGE2
what is CRP (c-reactive protein)?
hepatic protein (synthesized in the liver), produced during inflammation
when does CRP get produced more deliberately?
it is always present in blood but when inflammation occurs, the liver produces CRP more deliberately
what does CRP aid in?
aids complement with defense
is CRP a specific or non-specific serum marker?
non-specific because it does not tell you where the inflammation is, but it tells you the extent
pain is due to swelling, and that is what we want to address with inflammation. swelling is due to?
the exudate that is forming because of vasodilation
how does applying ice (cold) help with reducing swelling (thus reducing exudate)?
constrict the vessels, which counters the formation of exudate with vasodilation, counters the swelling, counters the pain
how does elevating an injured area help?
reduces blood flow to area, reducing blood flow counters formation of exudate, thus counters swelling, which counters pain
why would applying pressure to an injured area help?
applying pressure wherever there is bleeding decreases the blood flow (opposes fluids moving out of the capillaries) which is forming exudate, so less exudate and thus less swelling
how can applying heat to a injury LATER help?
it can enhance phagocytosis and immune response
how can we treat chronic, excessively painful, inflammation? (2)
NSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs)
or
Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
what do NSAIDs do?
inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin which makes you feel pain, so it decreases the pain
what do steroids do?
they are very efficient, however have pressing side effects thus cant be used long term
- they decrease permeability (less exudate, less swelling, less pain)
- they inhibit mediator release
- used when inflammation is no longer beneficial
- also inhibit activity of WBCs and mast cells
